1 selection of land preparation
Avoid continuous cropping of broad beans. Continuous cropping will accumulate a large amount of organic acids secreted by the root system and inhibit the growth of rhizobia. Broad bean has a well-developed root system and the main root penetrates deep into the soil, requiring a deep and loose soil layer. Therefore, the plots with deep soil layer, loose soil texture, convenient irrigation and drainage and not easy to accumulate water, and the previous crops are non-fava beans for planting.
After the previous crops are harvested, the soil should be deep plowed and exposed in time to mature the soil. Before exposure, irrigate and cover with old film to improve the effect of natural high-temperature disinfection. Before transplanting, plough shallowly once, plow the soil finely, apply 3000kg/hm2 organic fertilizer/hectare and 375kg/hm2 compound fertilizer in furrow, so as to protect the soil moisture and reach the soil moisture.
2 Variety selection and vernalization of seed buds
Choose Cican 1 or other broad bean varieties with good quality and suitable for fresh eating. Choose broad bean seeds that are the same size, plump, and free from worms. Soak the broad bean seeds in water at 20°C for 5-6 hours, take them out and place them in a bamboo basket, and cover them with a damp cloth to keep them moisturized. Accelerate the germination at 15~25℃, and when the seeds are found to be moldy, wipe off with 75% essence. When the broad bean sprouts and reveals the white, that is, when the seed germinates about 3mm, put the germinated broad bean seeds into the plastic frame. Evenly mix a small amount of carbendazim with a moist seedling substrate to cover the broad bean sprouts with a thickness of 2 cm. Then move it to a cold storage, treat it at a low temperature of 4°C for 9-12 days, and transplant it into the field after the low temperature treatment.
3 Sowing (transplanting)
3.1 Selection of sowing date (transplanting date)
The flowering and market time of broad beans in different sowing periods are shown in Table 1. On the one hand, low temperatures and few sunshine in winter are not conducive to the growth and development of broad beans. Choose October or even later for the sowing date (transplanting date), which will delay flowering. The lack of sunshine in winter caused slow expansion of the pods in the later stage, delayed the time to market, and low economic benefits. On the other hand, broad beans are long-day crops. They prefer cool and humid climates, are sensitive to temperature, and are not tolerant to heat and cold. When the temperature during the growth period exceeds 32°C for a long time, the physiological process is blocked or even died.
Therefore, from early September to mid-September, when the temperature drops below 30 ℃, it is a more suitable time for planting and transplanting broad beans.
3.2 Reasonable dense planting
It can be seen from Table 2 that the number of branches per plant and the number of pods per plant are the least for the 30cm plant spacing treatment, but because of the high density, the number of pods is the highest. Therefore, the reasonable density is 4 ridges in an 8m greenhouse, 2 rows per ridge, and 30cm spacing between plants. Planting in wide and narrow rows can improve ventilation and light transmission and reduce the shedding of flowers and pods. When sowing, the radicle of broad bean is facing down, while preparing seedlings are sown between rows to prepare for the lack of seedlings. On the day of transplanting, irrigate the roots with carbendazim plus rooting powder, and lay a dropper at the same time.
4 Field management
4.1 Temperature control
Seedlings transplanted from the end of August to early September and from mid-to-late September to early October due to the high outdoor temperature during the day, and shading nets must be placed on the steel frame after transplanting. It is usually removed at 16:00 and covered after 8:00. When the outdoor temperature drops below 30°C, the sunshade net is no longer covered. The time of setting the film is determined according to the local temperature and the time of the broad bean. Generally, the outer film of the greenhouse is set at the end of October, and the second time is when the outdoor temperature at night is close to 0℃ and the shed begins to bud. In mid-to-late December. When the night temperature is close to 0℃, the two-layer film is used. The function of the two-layer film is mainly to keep warm at night and protect the flowers and small pods from freezing damage. Generally, the inner membrane is uncovered after 8:00, and the cover is closed before 16:00.
Broad beans have stricter requirements on temperature. The daily temperature during the day should be controlled between 20~26℃, and ventilation and cooling should be timely when the temperature is high. The temperature rises in March, and when the lowest night temperature in the single-film greenhouse is not lower than 5℃, the double-layer film can be omitted. According to the temperature in April, the roof window can be opened and the film rod can be rolled up for ventilation throughout the day to promote pollination and pod formation. The mulch is covered in early November to have the effect of heat preservation, moisture preservation and weeding.
4.2 Fertilizer and water regulation
According to the growth and performance of the plants, irrigation is flexible. Generally speaking, for the broad beans transplanted from the end of August to September 15 in autumn, drip irrigation once every 7~8 days; drip irrigation on demand in winter, basically without drip irrigation; from the end of February to the end of March, every time Drip irrigation once every 10~14d; drip irrigation once every 7~10d after the end of March. In short, to keep the soil moist, the relative humidity in the overall shed should be 60% to 80%.
According to the growth of the plants, fertilizer is applied in the form of fertilizer and water irrigation during drip irrigation. Spray 0.1% ammonium molybdate and sodium borate solution on the leaves at the flowering and pod stage to increase the weight of 100 seeds. At the same time, spray foliar fertilizer at any time to promote the preservation of flowers and pods.
4.3 Plant management
Broad beans in large sheds are rich in fertilizer and water. In summer and autumn, the sunlight and temperature are suitable and easy to grow, causing the flowers and pods to fall. Attention should be paid to the length of the internodes, and the height limitation technique should be adopted at the right time to facilitate the preservation of flowers and pods, mainly through artificial topping and chemical control. â‘ Topping and pruning. Remove the apical center of the main stem at 5-6 leaves after emergence; remove the apical center of all branches at the end of March; cut off invalid branches from February to March, and basically ensure that there are about 15 branches per plant. â‘¡Control of chemical agents. One is diniconazole. Diniconazole has both bactericidal effect and limited high effect. Diniconazole was sprayed around 30 days after transplanting, and the interval of medication was flexibly controlled according to the growth situation. Generally, spray once every 15 days. The second is paclobutrazol. Spray with 10% paclobutrazol 500 to 1000 times liquid, but paclobutrazol sprayed on the pods will cause the broad bean pods to be deformed, so use caution. Broad bean is a crop that grows indefinitely, and the early cultivation model in the greenhouse can give full play to its production potential, but its plant height is much higher than that in the open field, which can easily cause lodging and yield reduction. Therefore, when the plant is up to 70cm high and has set pods, use bamboo poles and straw ropes to fix and straighten broad bean stems in time to prevent lodging.
4.4 Auxiliary pollination
Broad beans are self-pollinated crops, but in winter the greenhouses are poorly ventilated. Bee boxes can be placed in the sheds to increase the pod setting rate through bee pollination.
5 Pest control
In autumn, broad beans are prone to aphids, which can induce virus diseases. It can be sprayed with 4000~6000 times 10% imidacloprid wettable powder. After transplanting, use phoxim to irrigate the roots to kill underground pests. During the seedling and branching stages, Rhizoctonia generally harms young stems, and Fusarium harms young roots. Finally, bacterial wilt and dead seedlings are prone to occur. Roots can be irrigated circularly with a variety of low-toxicity fungicides, such as mancozeb and multi-bacteria. Ling and so on.
6 Harvest in time
When the beans are big enough, the broad beans are picked before the umbilicus turns black. Cut off the picked branches in time to reduce nutrient consumption. After the entire picking season is over, cultivate the land as soon as possible and rotate other high-efficiency fruits and vegetables, such as fresh corn, watermelon, and cabbage.
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