Belladonna, commonly known as "wild eggplant", belongs to the door of angiosperms, dicotyledonous plants, subfamily of flowering petals, solanaceae, and is a perennial herb and whole plant medicine. This product has the effect of lifting smooth muscle spasm, analgesia, inhibiting glandular secretion, and expanding the pupil. Mainly used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and gallbladder colic. Glaucoma patients hanged. Belladonna plant height 1 ~ 1.5 meters, straight roots, thick, stem erect, more than the upper branch. The surface of the leaves is green and the back is grayish green. Berry spherical, dark purple when cooked, shiny. Flowering from June to August, fruiting period from July to September. Hi warm and humid, sunny, well-drained environment, afraid of cold, avoid high temperature, the most suitable growth temperature is 20 ~ 25 °C, more than 30 °C slow growth, can withstand short-term 0 °C low temperature. When there is too much rain, it can easily cause root rot and die. In the northern part of the country, the plants grow rapidly from May to June. In July, they grow slowly. In winter, they cannot be exposed to winter, and only cultivated for one year. The areas south of the Yangtze River can be cultivated perennially. The fertile sandy loam suitable for drainage and irrigation is suitable, and low-lying land and saline-alkali land that are easy to collect water should not be planted. Avoid continuous cropping, nor can you use solanaceous plants as a predecessor. The method of planting can be used for seed propagation, and can be directly broadcasted or seedling transplanted.
1, seed processing:
Belladonna seed germination can be maintained for 1 to 2 years. Before sowing, germination treatment is required, soaking in warm water at 50°C, stirring until water is cool, then soaking for 12 hours. Wrap the seeds with a damp cloth, put it in a 20°C incubator or warm place, and then rinse with water every day. Wet, so that when individual seeds germinate, you can sow. It is also possible to soak seeds in warm water, add fine wet sand twice, mix well and put them in the room, and sow seeds after one month of sowing, so that they can also emerge in advance.
2, live broadcast:
Spring sowing or autumn sowing. In the spring sowing, the northern region opened a shallow ditch of 1 to 1.5 centimeters on the ridge in early April. The seeds were evenly sprinkled into the ditch, and the cover soil was compacted and watered. The seedlings emerged in about 15 days. Autumn sowing seeds do not germinate, sowing in late October or early November, the fourth year of the year can be emergence. About 250g per acre sowing rate.
3, nursery:
In northern China, Yangshuo is used to raise seedlings due to the cold weather. In mid-October, the oysters were poured with water once. The treated seeds were sowed at a distance of 10 centimeters. The soil was covered with a plastic film over the imperial poles to keep the humidity of the seedbeds covered with blankets at night and emerged in about 15 days.
4, transplanting:
Choose sunny, convenient drainage and irrigation, suitable for loose fertile sandy loam, soil ph5.5～9, apply 3000～4000kg organic fertilizer per acre, plough leveling after ploughing, row spacing by 60 cm before planting High ridge. One day before transplanting, the seedbed was first watered, and the seedlings were transplanted with soil to raise seedlings. They were generally transplanted in mid-April and late-April, and were planted on a well-defined high ridge at a spacing of 50 cm and immediately watered. Transplanting seedlings, robust growth, strong resistance.
5, cultivation and management:
Live seedlings, when the seedling height is 2 cm, press 7 cm seedlings to stay weak and strong, when the seedling height is about 10 cm, the seedlings will be set. More nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to alkaloid accumulation. When the seedling height is 25 centimeters, 15kg of ammonium sulfate is applied per acre, which can also excrete human excrement. After harvesting for the first time, Muji ammonium sulphate was used for 20kg and cultivating soil to prevent lodging. Drain in time after heavy rain, otherwise it will cause a large area of ​​death.
6. Pest control:
Diseases and insect pests mainly include epidemics, blights, and earthworms. At the beginning of the epidemic, spraying 72% Kelu wettable powder 700 times or 69% Anke, or 72.2% Procalc(ferromil) 800 times liquid, 1:1:200 times Bordeaux mixture, every 7- 10 times a day, continuous control 2-3 times. Rhizoctonia can be used in the early stage of disease by selecting 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times solution, or 5% Jinggangmycin aqueous solution 1500 times solution, or 20% methylprepare phosphate EC 1200 times solution for spraying. Interval 7 to 10 days, depending on the condition of prevention 2 to 3 times. Insects can be sprayed with 50% anti-inflamy WP 2000x or with 40% dimethoate 1000x.
7, harvest processing:
Generally in the mid-July and mid-August, the plants will be harvested twice at the flowering stage, dried or dried. It is also possible to pick up leaves, young shoots, and seeds at the same time when the plant tip is still flowering in late July and half of the fruit of the whole plant is purple-black. The roots are often excavated and washed in the late October to early November.
Edit this paragraph identification of crude drugs identification traits to identify the root cylinder,. Slightly twisted, 5-15mm in diameter, light grayish brown on the surface, with longitudinal wrinkles, occasional root marks. The old root is hard and woody; the fine roots are brittle and easily broken; the section is flat; the skin is narrow, gray and white, the wood is broad, brownish brown, and the formation of the ring pattern is obvious. Gas micro, bitter, sympathetic.
Stem cylindrical, 3-6mm in diameter, yellow-green on the surface, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, spotted lenticels, sparse distribution, hollow section, hairy stems. The leaves are alternate, often the size of two pieces are gathered in one place, more than one shrinkage and shatter, the complete person is widely oval or oval-shaped oval, 5-22cm long, 3.5-11cm wide, apex acuminate, base gradually narrow, entire, The surface is yellowish-green to dark brown, with few furry on both sides. There are more leaf veins along the surface. Check the leaf surface with a magnifying lens. Sometimes light-colored sand crystal cells are seen; petiole length 0.5-4cm. Thin and crisp. Ye Xie often has young fruit. The flower is 2.5-3.5cm long, the calyx is 5-lobed, the corolla is nearly bell-shaped, 5-lobed, dark purple or dark yellow. Berry spherical, green or brown, 5-8mm in diameter, with long stems; seeds numerous, flat kidney-shaped. Gas micro, bitter taste, Xin. It is better to have complete leaves and tender stems.
Microscopical identification of root cross sections: The cork layer is thin and consists of a series of wall cork cells. Cortical parenchyma scattered calcium oxalate crystal cells, parenchyma cells containing starch grains. The phloem has sieve tubes and parenchyma cells. Form a layered ring. Most of the xylem is separated by rays. The catheter was clustered with the surrounding tracheids and a few wood fibers, and was scattered between non-wooden wood parenchyma (the old root was xylem, and the wood parenchyma was replaced with wood fiber). There are still woody phloem in the xylem. The primary xylem of the two archetypes is visible in the center of the root.
Leaf powder characteristics: light brown green. 1 The pericentral wall of the epidermis is wavy, with indeterminate stomata and 3-4 secondary guard cells. 2 There are two kinds of glandular hair: glandular head multicellular, more common in 6 cells, long oval or pear-shaped leaves, stalk single cells; glandular head single cells, stalk 2-4 cells. 3 Non-glandular hairs are rare, composed of 2-5 cells and 150-300 μm long. 4 There are many sand crystal cells scattered in the mesophyll tissue: There are often small clusters of crystals in the sand crystal cells. 5 The catheter has rings, threads, nets, and edged holes.
Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine physical and chemical identification (1) take this product coarse powder 10g, add 10 drops of ammonia and ethanol 60ml, soak 2h, and always shaken, filtered. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and 2 ml of 5% hydrochloric acid was added. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel. Chlorine was added to the shaker and the chloroform layer was separated. The acid was adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia and extracted twice with chloroform (5 ml, 3 ml). Take a half amount of chloroform extract, dry and add 5 drops of fuming nitric acid. The water bath was evaporated to dryness to give a yellow residue, which was allowed to cool, and 2-3 drops of alcoholic potassium hydroxide test solution were added, which was a dark purple color. (check sterane alkaloids)
(2) Take 0.5g coarse powder, add 3ml of chloroform, shake and filter. The filtrate was added with 1 ml of ammonia solution, shaken, and the ammonia solution was drawn with a piece of paper. After slightly drying, the sample was observed under a UV lamp (254-365 nm), and sky blue fluorescence was observed. (Check coumarins)
(3) Thin layer chromatography Take the chloroform extract obtained in (1) above and add a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate to dry it. Use as a test liquid. Take atropine and scopolamine for reference. Separately apply the same sample to the same silicone H-CMC. Thin plates were developed with chloroform 0-methanol-ammonia (85:14:1) at 15 cm and sprayed with a modified potassium iodide reagent to develop a color. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the spot of the same color was observed at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference substance.
1, seed processing:
Belladonna seed germination can be maintained for 1 to 2 years. Before sowing, germination treatment is required, soaking in warm water at 50°C, stirring until water is cool, then soaking for 12 hours. Wrap the seeds with a damp cloth, put it in a 20°C incubator or warm place, and then rinse with water every day. Wet, so that when individual seeds germinate, you can sow. It is also possible to soak seeds in warm water, add fine wet sand twice, mix well and put them in the room, and sow seeds after one month of sowing, so that they can also emerge in advance.
2, live broadcast:
Spring sowing or autumn sowing. In the spring sowing, the northern region opened a shallow ditch of 1 to 1.5 centimeters on the ridge in early April. The seeds were evenly sprinkled into the ditch, and the cover soil was compacted and watered. The seedlings emerged in about 15 days. Autumn sowing seeds do not germinate, sowing in late October or early November, the fourth year of the year can be emergence. About 250g per acre sowing rate.
3, nursery:
In northern China, Yangshuo is used to raise seedlings due to the cold weather. In mid-October, the oysters were poured with water once. The treated seeds were sowed at a distance of 10 centimeters. The soil was covered with a plastic film over the imperial poles to keep the humidity of the seedbeds covered with blankets at night and emerged in about 15 days.
4, transplanting:
Choose sunny, convenient drainage and irrigation, suitable for loose fertile sandy loam, soil ph5.5～9, apply 3000～4000kg organic fertilizer per acre, plough leveling after ploughing, row spacing by 60 cm before planting High ridge. One day before transplanting, the seedbed was first watered, and the seedlings were transplanted with soil to raise seedlings. They were generally transplanted in mid-April and late-April, and were planted on a well-defined high ridge at a spacing of 50 cm and immediately watered. Transplanting seedlings, robust growth, strong resistance.
5, cultivation and management:
Live seedlings, when the seedling height is 2 cm, press 7 cm seedlings to stay weak and strong, when the seedling height is about 10 cm, the seedlings will be set. More nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to alkaloid accumulation. When the seedling height is 25 centimeters, 15kg of ammonium sulfate is applied per acre, which can also excrete human excrement. After harvesting for the first time, Muji ammonium sulphate was used for 20kg and cultivating soil to prevent lodging. Drain in time after heavy rain, otherwise it will cause a large area of ​​death.
6. Pest control:
Diseases and insect pests mainly include epidemics, blights, and earthworms. At the beginning of the epidemic, spraying 72% Kelu wettable powder 700 times or 69% Anke, or 72.2% Procalc(ferromil) 800 times liquid, 1:1:200 times Bordeaux mixture, every 7- 10 times a day, continuous control 2-3 times. Rhizoctonia can be used in the early stage of disease by selecting 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times solution, or 5% Jinggangmycin aqueous solution 1500 times solution, or 20% methylprepare phosphate EC 1200 times solution for spraying. Interval 7 to 10 days, depending on the condition of prevention 2 to 3 times. Insects can be sprayed with 50% anti-inflamy WP 2000x or with 40% dimethoate 1000x.
7, harvest processing:
Generally in the mid-July and mid-August, the plants will be harvested twice at the flowering stage, dried or dried. It is also possible to pick up leaves, young shoots, and seeds at the same time when the plant tip is still flowering in late July and half of the fruit of the whole plant is purple-black. The roots are often excavated and washed in the late October to early November.
Edit this paragraph identification of crude drugs identification traits to identify the root cylinder,. Slightly twisted, 5-15mm in diameter, light grayish brown on the surface, with longitudinal wrinkles, occasional root marks. The old root is hard and woody; the fine roots are brittle and easily broken; the section is flat; the skin is narrow, gray and white, the wood is broad, brownish brown, and the formation of the ring pattern is obvious. Gas micro, bitter, sympathetic.
Stem cylindrical, 3-6mm in diameter, yellow-green on the surface, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, spotted lenticels, sparse distribution, hollow section, hairy stems. The leaves are alternate, often the size of two pieces are gathered in one place, more than one shrinkage and shatter, the complete person is widely oval or oval-shaped oval, 5-22cm long, 3.5-11cm wide, apex acuminate, base gradually narrow, entire, The surface is yellowish-green to dark brown, with few furry on both sides. There are more leaf veins along the surface. Check the leaf surface with a magnifying lens. Sometimes light-colored sand crystal cells are seen; petiole length 0.5-4cm. Thin and crisp. Ye Xie often has young fruit. The flower is 2.5-3.5cm long, the calyx is 5-lobed, the corolla is nearly bell-shaped, 5-lobed, dark purple or dark yellow. Berry spherical, green or brown, 5-8mm in diameter, with long stems; seeds numerous, flat kidney-shaped. Gas micro, bitter taste, Xin. It is better to have complete leaves and tender stems.
Microscopical identification of root cross sections: The cork layer is thin and consists of a series of wall cork cells. Cortical parenchyma scattered calcium oxalate crystal cells, parenchyma cells containing starch grains. The phloem has sieve tubes and parenchyma cells. Form a layered ring. Most of the xylem is separated by rays. The catheter was clustered with the surrounding tracheids and a few wood fibers, and was scattered between non-wooden wood parenchyma (the old root was xylem, and the wood parenchyma was replaced with wood fiber). There are still woody phloem in the xylem. The primary xylem of the two archetypes is visible in the center of the root.
Leaf powder characteristics: light brown green. 1 The pericentral wall of the epidermis is wavy, with indeterminate stomata and 3-4 secondary guard cells. 2 There are two kinds of glandular hair: glandular head multicellular, more common in 6 cells, long oval or pear-shaped leaves, stalk single cells; glandular head single cells, stalk 2-4 cells. 3 Non-glandular hairs are rare, composed of 2-5 cells and 150-300 μm long. 4 There are many sand crystal cells scattered in the mesophyll tissue: There are often small clusters of crystals in the sand crystal cells. 5 The catheter has rings, threads, nets, and edged holes.
Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine physical and chemical identification (1) take this product coarse powder 10g, add 10 drops of ammonia and ethanol 60ml, soak 2h, and always shaken, filtered. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and 2 ml of 5% hydrochloric acid was added. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel. Chlorine was added to the shaker and the chloroform layer was separated. The acid was adjusted to pH 10 with ammonia and extracted twice with chloroform (5 ml, 3 ml). Take a half amount of chloroform extract, dry and add 5 drops of fuming nitric acid. The water bath was evaporated to dryness to give a yellow residue, which was allowed to cool, and 2-3 drops of alcoholic potassium hydroxide test solution were added, which was a dark purple color. (check sterane alkaloids)
(2) Take 0.5g coarse powder, add 3ml of chloroform, shake and filter. The filtrate was added with 1 ml of ammonia solution, shaken, and the ammonia solution was drawn with a piece of paper. After slightly drying, the sample was observed under a UV lamp (254-365 nm), and sky blue fluorescence was observed. (Check coumarins)
(3) Thin layer chromatography Take the chloroform extract obtained in (1) above and add a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate to dry it. Use as a test liquid. Take atropine and scopolamine for reference. Separately apply the same sample to the same silicone H-CMC. Thin plates were developed with chloroform 0-methanol-ammonia (85:14:1) at 15 cm and sprayed with a modified potassium iodide reagent to develop a color. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the spot of the same color was observed at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference substance.
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