In the annual cultivation and management of apple trees, while promoting the accumulation of nutrients, the ineffective consumption of nutrients should be minimized. The following management measures should be taken:
The root system of the fruit tree is the main organ that absorbs inorganic nutrients and water. The inorganic nutrients supplied by the soil to the fruit trees are absorbed by the roots. To raise the roots of the tree so that the root system grows well, a good soil environment must be created for the growth and development of the root system. The first is to maintain the stability of the soil moisture, not to dry and wet suddenly, watering suddenly in drought, the ground capillary roots die for 3 to 4 days, and then regenerate new roots; the second is to stabilize the pH of the soil so that the pH of the soil is suitable for the growth of fruit trees In the range of results, too high or too low is not conducive to the normal growth and absorption of the root system; the third is to increase the application of organic fertilizers and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers, creating a harmonious environment for the soil, keeping the various elements in the soil in a harmonious state, and promoting the root system The fourth is to eradicate soil diseases, reduce soil harmful flora, create a good environment for the root system, and promote the healthy growth of the root system.
Improving the soil, weeding and protecting moisture, preventing diseases and insect pests, turning over the land, digging out sand and replacing soil, improving the soil aggregate structure; digging deep planting holes, planting grass in the orchard, and covering the tree tray are all for creating a good root growth environment. In the fruit tree growing season, after the weather rains or after the trees are watered, timely shallow ploughing and weeding are needed to protect the moisture; prevention and control of pests that harm the root system and protection of the normal growth of the root system are all timely management tasks.
Increase soil organic matter Many orchards have very low soil organic matter content. To make fruit trees grow sturdily, with early fruit, high yield, stable yield, and high efficiency, the organic matter content of the orchard soil should reach 2% to 3%, at least 1.5%. Increasing the content of soil organic matter is an effective way to increase the nutrition of fruit trees. Planting grass in the orchard, covering the tree with grass, and applying organic fertilizer are effective measures to increase the content of soil organic matter. Organic fertilizer can be mixed with cow, sheep, pig, chicken manure and fermented to be applied after fully decomposed (especially chicken manure must be fully decomposed), and appropriate chemical fertilizer and mineral fertilizer (multiple trace elements) can also be added. And biological fertilizer. Applying 300 to 500 kilograms of straw carbon per mu each year (that is, the straw is burned into carbon ash like charcoal), and the soil organic matter can be increased to about 1.5% in three years.
Scientific fertilization Scientific fertilization not only promotes the growth of fruit tree roots, but also plays an important role in increasing the nutrient accumulation of the tree in the later growth period and the growth and development of the next year. To increase the nutrient accumulation of the tree, apply organic fertilizer when applying base fertilizer in early autumn. The base fertilizer should not be applied too late, should not be applied too deep, do not apply too much nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to the proportion of reasonable, combined application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and should add appropriate amount of trace element fertilizer. Fertilization can be applied with sufficient amount of decomposed organic fertilizer, or special fertilizer for fruit trees. Organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer should be applied in combination, pay attention to the nutrient balance of the tree, and it is better to be able to fertilize with soil testing formula. Fertilization should be carried out according to the needs of fruit trees, and the scientific fertilization time, fertilizer type and amount of fertilizer should be grasped for fertilization. If the time of fertilization is not appropriate, the type of fertilizer is not correct, and the amount of fertilizer is not proper, the normal growth and fruiting pattern of fruit trees will be broken, and many problems and contradictions will occur.
According to the different developmental stages of apple trees, determine the type, quantity and frequency of fertilizer application. During the annual growth cycle of fruit trees, the period and frequency of topdressing, the type of topdressing fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer to be applied should be determined according to the law of fertilizer demand and the growth of the tree.
The organic nutrients required for the growth and development of fruit trees to protect the leaves are the products of photosynthesis through the leaves. There must be sunlight for photosynthesis. Therefore, to increase and accumulate rich organic nutrients, the leaves of the tree must receive the maximum amount of sunlight to ensure that the tree has enough and healthy leaves.
It is necessary to protect the leaves from growing large and thick, dark green in color, and intact to prevent the leaves from being harmed by pests. Many orchards only pay attention to the prevention and control of diseases and insects and leaf preservation in the early stage, while neglecting the leaf preservation measures in the later period (after the end of July), resulting in serious early leaf fall and leaf fall of fruit trees, forming large and small years, and even failing to bear fruit for 3 or 4 consecutive years. In fact, no more than 10% of the flower buds formed in the apple tree before July 15th, a large number of flower buds are after August, and the quality of the flower buds is September and October. Therefore, the prevention and control of pests and diseases in the later period is very important. It directly affects the yield and quality of that year, and it also affects the number and quality of flower buds next year. It must not be ignored.
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