Mustard high quality and high yield cultivation technology

Complete nutrition, rich in protein, is one of the main vegetable varieties for fresh food and processing. Winter salted mustard products have the advantages of salty and delicious, fresh and tender and crisp, and more resistant to storage. Sanzhen Town, Jiaoling County has been planting mustard since the early 1960s, and has developed on a large scale in the mid-1980s. Since 2003, the town has taken full advantage of winter idle fields and favorable light and temperature climate resources to develop pollution-free production of mustard vegetables. At present, the area of ​​planted mustard is 213.3hm2. Among them, the scale of planting in four villages of Fubei, Zhaofu, Fangxin and Jiuling * exceeds 80% of the total area. It is one of the city's largest mustard production bases. Its high output, easy to plant and manage, good economic benefits, and can increase the economic income of local farmers. The high-yield cultivation techniques are summarized below for reference.

1 variety characteristics

Mustard is a Brassicaceae Brassica plant. There are two traditional varieties of Brassica juncea and Brassica juncea. Mustard has a mild and humid climate. The growth temperature is 15-20 ° C. When the average monthly temperature exceeds 25 ° C, the growth is poor. Strong cold resistance, light frost resistance, full growth period 90-95d.

2 cultivation techniques

2.1 Sowing and Seedling

2.1.1 Seedbed preparation. Before sowing, the seedbed should be applied with a proper amount of humus soil as fertilizer, and the basal fertilizer and crushed soil should be mixed and compacted with a hoe to remove weeds, and then the surface of the car should be flat, with a width of 1m, a height of 25cm, and a length of 12m. The surface is moist and ready for sowing.

2.1.2 Timely sowing. The mustard seeding period is from early September to early October, and the seedbed seed volume is 1.0-1.2g / m2. When sowing, mix the seed with the dry fine soil in a ratio of 1: 3-4, and mainly spread it. Even. After sowing, cover with a layer of fine soil or plant ash, and then cover with straw to prevent the sun and storms from washing, and use a shower to wet the seedbed [1]. After sowing, the mustard seeds are small and susceptible to soil moisture. Pay attention to watering before emergence Moisturizing, watering time should be sooner or later, we must master the principle of light pouring, hard pouring, not one time.

2.2 Cultivate strong seedlings

Remove the straw in time after emergence, start thinning at 2 leaves to prevent tall seedlings, and perform second thinning at 3 leaves and 1 heart, and then remove dense dense, weak, and diseased seedlings. Sick pure seedlings. 10% rotten mature manure and urine should be applied thinly at the seedling stage. At the same time, 10% efficient Baike 3000 times solution, 10% aphis net 2500 times solution and 5% Jinggangmycin 500 times solution can be used at the same time to control aphids, leaf beetles, Harm of diseases and insect pests such as fall disease and soft rot. Cultivate strong seedlings, the seedling age is about 38 days, and 5 leaves and 1 heart can be transplanted in the field for planting [2].

2.3 Land preparation

Mustard cultivation can choose fertile land and few winter weeds. Generally, the loam or sandy loam with sufficient water sources, sunny ventilation, convenient drainage and irrigation, and water and fertilizer retention is sufficient. After plowing and drying the soil, layer the soil to facilitate the growth of the root system and the absorption of water by the fibrous roots. Then level the ground and ditch the hoe to make the hoe surface 1.2m wide, hoe height 25cm, and hoe spacing 30cm, 4 rows per hoe The plant spacing is 20cm × 25cm. Apply sufficient basal fertilizer before planting, apply 30t / hm2 of compost and mature farmhouse fertilizer, 300kg / hm2 of compound fertilizer, and 375kg / hm2 of superphosphate as the base fertilizer. The planting density ranges from 60,000 to 67,500 plants / hm2. should. When planting, * choose to be carried out on a sunny afternoon. Soil should be raised when seedlings are raised to avoid root injury as much as possible. Drenching the roots with water after planting and planting seedlings after rainy or heavy rain are not conducive to slow seedlings [3].

2.4 Field Management

2.4.1 Water management. After the planting, water should be irrigated once in the morning and evening every 2 to 3 days, depending on the weather conditions, and then irrigated once every 7-10 days. In the early stage, the root system is weak, grows slowly, and is susceptible to waterlogging. It is dominated by light irrigation; in the middle and late stages, the roots are developed, grow faster, and require more water, and can be gradually re-irrigated. The method is that the time should not be too long each time. It is advisable to use "horse race water". After the heavy rain, the water in the field should be removed in time. The water supply should be stopped 15 days before harvest to facilitate storage, transportation and processing.

2.4.2 Reasonable fertilization. Mustard topdressing is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, but phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be appropriately added in the seedling stage and field stage to improve disease resistance and increase yield. 7 days after the survival of the planting, new roots begin to grow, and the faeces and urine of the acquaintance should be thinly applied once, and then applied once every 7-10 days, and the weight gradually increases. The second fertilizer application can be started after 17 days of transplantation. Compound fertilizer 75kg / hm2 + urea 45kg / hm2 was used to irrigate cooked human feces and urine; the third topdressing was performed 24 days after planting, and topdressing compound fertilizer 112.5kg / hm2 + ammonium bicarbonate 187.5kg / hm2 was used to wash cooked light soybean bran Water leaching; 30 days after the fourth planting, before the plant is sealed, heavy fertilizer can be applied, and the rotten fresh dung should be leached with water with compound fertilizer 120kg / hm2 or potassium chloride 187.5kg / hm2 to promote stem and leaf growth; in mustard In the later period of growth, foliar fertilizer can also be sprayed 1-2 times. Spraying with 0.2% -0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used. Fertilization should be stopped 15 days before harvesting.

2.4.3 Weed cultivation. After 20 days of planting, it can be combined with small-scale cultivation of soil, and it is usually carried out 2-3 times during the growing season. Cultivation can prevent topsoil from compacting and promote soil loosening and ventilation. It is required to make deep ridges, shallow ridges, wet ridges, dry ridges, deep in the early stage, and shallow in the late stage. After the outer leaves are sealed, the ploughing must be stopped to avoid damage to the roots. If there are weeds, you can always Unplug it and burn it down or bury it deep. Before planting, you can moisten the moist surface, and then spray 900kg / hm2 with 1500mL / hm2 of Dole, spray it evenly on the moth surface, and then plant, keep the car surface moist and be careful not to turn the soil surface. It has a certain effect on inhibiting weed growth. Effect [4].

2.4.4 Pest and disease control. The main pests and diseases of mustard are downy mildew, cabbage worm, aphid, etc. Prevention is mainly used for comprehensive control. The first is reasonable dense planting, which strengthens the ventilation and light transmission in the field, removes the accumulated water in the field after the rain, prevents excessive humidity, and adds phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance of the plant; the second is to clean the countryside, timely weeding, and the plant is ventilated and transparent The third is drug prevention. It can be sprayed on the back and foliar surface of the leaf with 66.8% of PLEXIC 800 times solution, or 58% of R. toxin 600-800 times solution. To control aphids and cabbage worms, you can use 2000% solution of 10% aphid net or 1.8% avermectin 1500 solution.

2.5 Harvesting

The mustard is harvested 90-95 days after planting, and the total yield can reach 60.0-67.5t / hm2. When the mustard is matured from green to yellow 7,8, it is a suitable harvest time. It must be harvested before 10:00 on a sunny day and sun-baked on the spot 5 —6h, then put away to dry, can be processed into pickles.

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