The high light efficiency tree is not a fixed tree, but a collective term for a high yield, high quality, and efficient tree. It has good ventilation and light transmission, and the leaves and fruits in the canopy can receive sufficient light, and the fruit quality is good and the economic benefit is high. At present, a high light efficiency tree shape that our province is vigorously promoting can only be regarded as one of them, and fruit growers should not blindly copy it so as not to cause too much fluctuation in apple production and tree vigor.
First, the main technical indicators of high light efficiency tree
The tree with high luminous efficiency should have the following main features: (1) It can be called modified sparse layer from the transformation of the spindle; the crown becomes relatively large and the backbone. Branches increase in size and decrease in number; (2) The number of stems (main branches) is determined according to the size of the canopy; when trees are separated by more than 4 meters, there are 5-6 main branches per tree, showing a 3-2-1 arrangement; -4 meters can be appropriate to stay more; the first main branch can be cultivated 1-2 lateral branches, uniaxial extension of more than two layers; (3) trunk height of about 80 cm, the main layer of the main branch of the layer spacing to achieve 80-120 cm; (4) The tree height does not exceed the average of the spacing and row spacing; (5) The amount of branches is less, the amount of per acre branches after cutting is 8-10 million, and the light transmittance of the crown during growth season is 25%-30%. Branches between the plants can be grafted but do not substantially cross. The distance between the canopies of the two rows of trees is about 1 meter; (6) The yield per mu is controlled between 3000-4000 kg.
Second, closed garden renovation and high light efficiency pruning technology
At present, most of apple trees are spindle trees, and most of the fruit orchards are densely planted and closed. The majority of mu branches are in the range of 14-15 million, and the number of individual branches in the orchards is more than 200,000. To transform into a tree with high light efficiency, we must first solve the problem of reconstruction of closed parks and combine these two tasks together.
The fundamental measure for rebuilding the closed park is to cut the trees from 110 naked to 55 trees per acre. The orchard with good soil and water conditions should be subject to a second thinning after 3-4 years of thinning. The final number of acres will be reduced to 27-28, and the permanent row spacing will be changed to 4 meters and 6 meters.
Technical measures for permanent tree pruning:
1. Remove the lower skirts that are too close to the ground and raise the dry height to about 80 cm.
2. Remove some of the main branches from the center and open the spacing between the layers. Increase the spacing between the first and second main branches to 80-120 cm to solve the problem of light in the canopies.
3. The main branch to be preserved should be slow-released and sparsely sheared. Immediately stop ring-stripping (or ring-cutting). The extension of the main branch should be as light or slow as possible, so that the canopy can be further enlarged and the tree potential can be alleviated. Small canopies can develop into medium-sized canopies.
4. The main branch that has fallen, the ability to grow and result is debilitating, should be replaced with branches on the diagonal back, so that the main branch is updated and rejuvenated.
5. Properly remove some of the backbone of the upper part of the crown, so that the upper light can be injected into the internal hemorrhoids, both to improve the quality and yield of the internal capsule, but also to promote the growth and development of the lower main branch.
6. The lateral branch, large branch group, and mid-back branch group with the main branch above the second layer should be removed.
7. Drain the results of crowded crowds and retract and replenish the long and weak branches.
The process of transforming the permanent tree into a tree with high light efficiency can not be rushed, so as to avoid serious instability in tree vigor and yield. The number of sparsely removed branches in a year should not exceed one third of the total. It can take about three years to complete the entire transformation process. For permanent trees, ringing or circumcision must be immediately abolished. After the successful transformation, the yield per mu can be stabilized between 3000-4000 kg. The fruit quality can be greatly improved, and the economic life of the tree can be extended from 15-20 years of densely planted orchards to 20-30 years.
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