In order to ensure the quality of rice products for human health and safety, rational selection of production areas, environment, conditions, control of environmental pollution, and the use of pollution-free high-quality rice mechanized production technology, promote high-quality rice planting to scale, mechanization, standardized clean production Direction conversion. The County Development Bureau and the Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture jointly undertook the Provincial Agricultural Resources Development Bureau to issue the “Demonstration and Promotion of High-quality Rice Pollution-free Substrate Seedling and Machine Inserting Machines and Equipmentâ€. In 2004, in Xingqiao Town and Changdang Town Project Area, demonstration and promotion were carried out, and the paper summed up the successful experience and lessons in the application. And hope to continue to improve, enrich and improve in the future comprehensive agricultural development practice.
First, the choice of origin:
Non-polluted rice fields should be selected in areas with good ecological conditions, should be away from industrial and mining areas, and avoid the impact of industrial and urban pollution sources.
The environment of the place of origin shall be stipulated by the standard of pollution-free certification and the environmental requirements of the place of origin—the environmental air quality standard of DB32/T551—2003 and the soil environmental quality standard of farmland irrigation water quality standard.
Second, the variety selection
Choose high-quality, high-yield, disease-resistant rice varieties that are suitable for local cultivation through national or provincial approval.
Third, pesticide use guidelines
1. The use of the drug meets the requirements of GB4285 and GB/T8321 (all parts). Strictly follow the safe use of pesticides and prevent the use of pesticides.
2. Properly mix and rotate alternately using different mechanisms of action or agents with negative cross-resistance to overcome and delay the emergence and development of pest resistance.
3. Pest control
In the production process of pollution-free rice, the prevention and control of diseases, insects, grasses, rats and other harmful organisms, adhere to the principle of prevention, comprehensive prevention and control, comprehensive application of agricultural control.
4. Soft seedling technology in rice fields
1. High-quality rice pollution-free substrate seedling machine process
The early, middle and late rice under different ripening can be carried out according to the following process:
2. Seedling and sputum requirements
The shape of the seedlings and the specifications of the bracts should be suitable for the structure and performance requirements of the transplanting, and the quality of the seedlings should meet the requirements of pollution-free and high-yield and stable production.
The shape of the seedlings, the morphological characteristics of the strong scorpion: greenish green, suitable for the height of the seedlings, uniform and tidy, the leaves are short, wide and thick, the base is thick, the packing is well connected, and there are no pests and diseases.
Zhuangzi quality: Ye is quite flexible, with a large number of root primordial roots. After transplanting, it has strong rooting and strong resistance. It can be rooted early and early in life.
Different areas, different varieties and different breeding seasons in the same area, the seedling morphology has a certain difference, the key lies in the production of good quality and can be matched with the seedlings.
The machine insert spacing is 30cm, the length of the cymbal is × 58cm × 28cm, and the width of the cymbal is strictly between 27.5-28cm. The four corners of the cymbal are vertical and square, without missing corners, and the seedlings are even. The roots are firmly knotted, and the roots are 6-8 kg. The roots of the bracts are not scattered. The soil layer of the packing belt is 1.8-2.0cm, and the variation range is 1.5-2.5cm, and the thickness is uniform.
3. Seedbed preparation
(1) Putian area, selection
秧, Honda ratio 1:80-120, in the paddy field production area, choose higher terrain, leeward sunny, fresh air, away from pollution sources and irrigation, convenient transportation. Dry nursery is carried out in dry land, and semi-arid (wet) breeding is generally carried out in paddy fields. There should be good water and water quality.
(2) Site preparation
The net width of the slab is 1.4-1.5 m or 1.5-1.7 m (with thermal insulation arch and easy for mechanical operation), high bed type, each ditch is 30 cm wide, 15-20 cm deep, and the side ditch is deepened 20-30 cm. Pull the line to stake out, flatten the noodles, pick up the chowder, fill in the low level, and level the water after drying to facilitate the operation.
4. Bed preparation
Under the principle of economical and practical use of local materials, it is required to have superior fertility in the bed, sandy loam with good ventilation and water permeability, no weeds and germs, or light clay loam. The river mud is treated with non-toxic high-quality river mud. Generally, it is taken in paddy fields (normal high-yield fields in the previous year) or dry land (pre-eating is fertile land such as soybeans, rice, and other high-yielding fields). In the previous year, it should be combined with production to increase the amount of fertility in the soil, or in the wheat fields. Ditching, stacking and drying.
(1) Bed soil usage
Paddy fields or dry land (loose soil) are used as bed soil, 100-150 kg per 667m, and high-quality river mud is prepared for about 300 kg and 50 kg of loose soil for bed soil.
(2) Bed soil processing
The soil content of the loose soil is 10-150%. After crushing the soil, use a 6 mm wire screen or a sifter with a mesh size of 70 mm or more. The grain size of the grain is 2-5 mm. After the sieve, the film is covered with a film. Rain. The river mud is required to remove the snails and sundries through the iron screen; the mud in the gully is fine, free of sand and weeds.
(3) Bed and related matrix modulation:
The soil moisture of the bed is 18-20% dry and not wet, the hand can be agglomerated, the throwing ground can be scattered, the soil should be acid (PH=5-6), need to adjust the acid first, such as sulfur The powder should be mixed in about one month in advance, and mixed in the bed soil. The bed soil disinfection adopts pollution-free biological pesticides, and the bed soil fertilization should be mixed as appropriate.
Fully decomposed farmyard manure or pollution-free active organic fertilizer, appropriate amount of N, P, K fertilizer, in principle, each bed soil contains N, P, K three elements each 1-2 grams, containing 2 to 3% of the appropriate .
(4) Preparation method of bed soil matrix
1 The rice husk is the matrix, which consists of about 3 parts of rice husk (or straw, sawdust) and about 7 parts of bed soil. The rice flour can be mixed with the bed soil by 1:1, and the N, P, and K fertilizers are hydrolyzed or crushed and mixed, and the mash is piled up and matured before 1-3 months.
2 Using wheat straw and corn stalk as the substrate, it can be directly mixed with farmyard manure (pig manure, chicken manure, etc.) and sprinkled into active microbial strains (such as enzyme bacteria), and applied N, P, K fertilizer 1:1: 1 gram per 1 gram, mix with fine soil, mix and stack for more than one month, cover the membrane and prevent rain.
3 pig farm manure is the substrate, 2 tons of dry pig manure per acre pond (0.8-1 kg per plate), evenly sprinkled into the field, smashed by slashing, sifting, mixing into the dry and strong manure, etc. The field is ripe.
4 mixed soil type machine seedling special active nutrient substrate, 150 kg bed soil (25 disk soil) added to the substrate 5 liters a week before the seedlings, fully mixed and piled up for use. (Production of Baima Lake Farm Dahua Biological Products Factory);
5 organically active seedling granular substrate, 50 liters per bag. 1.5 bags of Honda seedlings per mu (produced by Huai'an Chaimihe Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd.).
6 seedling special substrate disc
The straw and other agricultural and forestry wastes and bio-organic fertilizers were made into matrix sheets of length × width × height of 58 × 28 × 1.2 - 1.5 cm instead of bed soil. Put it into the solution of the pollution-free paper tray, the farmers can directly sow and water the substrate, and then the healthy seedlings can be bred for machine insertion.
In addition, the soil is taken from normal high-yield water and dry fields. After sieving, the trouble of mixing, adjusting and disinfecting can be avoided. Change the soil conditioning work 2-3 times before and after planting with watering. Coastal large farms can be laid and placed in advance 10 days before sowing, and the seedling effect is good. See below for the method.
5. Seed treatment
(1) Variety selection
According to the climate resources of the rice season, the mouth, the age and the cultivated area, high-yield, stable, and high-quality varieties are selected.
(2) Sunning and seed selection
The seeds are stored in the winter, and it is suitable to be sun-dried for 2-3 days before sowing in the spring, so that the seeds are dried and the activity of the enzyme is enhanced, and the germination rate can be improved. Air drying and screening after drying. Remove top awns, branches, inclusions and grass seeds. There are generally water selection, muddy water and salt water selection methods. The specific gravity of salt water is generally 1.08-1.13. If you use fresh eggs to float out of the liquid five cents. Quickly remove the smashed granules and wash off the sinking granules (the muddy water is not washed) and then do the germination test. The seed germination potential is required to be above 80%. The germination rate is 90-95%. The amount of seeds per acre of Honda is generally 3-4 kg, and the localities are flexible.
(3) soaking, disinfecting, germination
In general, seed soaking is carried out in combination with soaking seeds to prevent diseases caused by seeds (mycosis, rice smut, rice blast, etc., which are transmitted by seeds) insects (dry worm disease). The disinfectant, such as the linear bacteria, the sputum line, and the sputum, were carried out according to the instructions. In the individual farmers, due to the small amount of seeds, the bagged seeds are mostly immersed in the seed disinfectant in the tank for about 2 days. Or dip in the night and alternately. After two or three days of natural germination, it is dried and dried. Immersion and disinfection plus imidacloprid, standard 10 kg of 8-10 grams or carbofuran 2 (can prevent seedlings flying).
It should be mentioned that after the seed treatment process, the rice is generally 80% white as the standard, so that the seed sows are scattered. If the seedlings are long, they should be dried and used, but the buds should be prevented from drying out. At present, some farmers do not carry out the above treatment and use the dry seeds to directly broadcast the machine. The disadvantages are that the sprouts are not uniform, the emergence is slow, the seeds are infected with the pests, the quality of the machine is affected, and the production is easy to be reduced later. The exception is the use of dry seed coatings.
6. Wobble plate operation
(1) floppy disk specifications
1 Calcium type paper tray, the inner diameter is 58×27.5×2 cm, the bottom hole is 1.4×1.4 cm, the hole diameter is 3 mm, and it is placed in the corresponding sash to perform the swaying operation.
2 plastic floppy disk, which is a plastic disk enclosed around, with an inner diameter of 580×280×(25~30) mm, a hole spacing of 2.5~3 cm and a hole diameter of 3 mm. This floppy disk can be professionally produced by the factory.
3 cut pieces of raised bottom film: film width 1.5 m, thickness 0.0014 or 0.0008 mm, hole spacing 2.5-3 cm, aperture 3 mm, or 1.5 × 1.5 cm, aperture 2mm. Can be made by yourself or factory.
(2) wobble plate
Before the swinging plate, the seedbed should be flat, and the high-sludge cracks should be smeared with fine soil to remove grass damage. Pull the wire straight on the side of the seedbed, place the plastic floppy disk along the line, and use the limit plate to scrape along the floppy disk surface to ensure that the soil layer inside the disk is 1.8-2 cm.
7. sowing
(1) Bed soil conditioning before sowing
Combine pouring (æ´‡) water before sowing: After the bed soil is poured (æ´‡), the soil is acidified (using industrial sulfuric acid water with PH=3, vinegar or acid water for individual farmers), fertilization (generally pressed) The NPK per plate is 1:1.5:1 gram, and the fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate, etc. is dissolved in water at a concentration of 1%, and the disinfection is 1/1500~1/2000. And insecticides such as phoxim 1 / 1000 or so, (Note: If you do not allow the use of diclofenac, you can replace it with pesticides such as chloramphenicol and tricyclazole.) Mix this acid, fertilizer, and drug solution. Each plate can be poured into 1.5~2.0 kg. Therefore, the hair can be widely used.
In the coastal areas, when the soil has high salt content, it is often found that when the soil is hoarfrost, the PH value of the surface soil of the seedbed should be measured first: the PH test paper is attached to the wet bed surface, such as light blue. Color or blue. When the PH value of the reaction PH value is above 7.0~7.5, the sulfuric acid water of PH=3 must be used separately, and the bed soil should be poured about 3 inches first, so that the bed soil becomes PH=5-6. After the left and right, the method of laying the bed and placing the bed soil is the same as above.
It is not necessary to carry out bed soil conditioning by using a special substrate for seedling.
(2) Seeding operations
Please refer to Table 1 for the standard arrangement of seedling size before machine insertion.
1 sowing period
If the local seedling machine is inserted, it should be planted 13 to 15 days in advance (cone seedlings 1.8 to 2.5 leaves) or 15 to 18 days (small seedlings 2.5 to 3.1 leaves). If the seedling machine is inserted, it should be 20~25 days in advance (middle seedling 3.5~4.5 leaves) or 28 days (medium and large seedlings 4.5~5.5 leaves). The seedling height is controlled at 15~20 cm. Seeding in stages, as appropriate, such as blind delays in machine insertion date, individual and group-intensity conflicts in the seedling plate will lead to weak seedlings.
2 seedlings
Develop the principle of strong growth according to appropriate dilution. Generally, in the seedling tray, the number of seedlings per square centimeter is used as an indicator to grasp the different varieties (strictly pay attention to 1000-grain weight) and different techniques, and adjust the seeding amount flexibly. According to the survey, the survival rate of seedlings in the field is generally only 60-70% of the number of seeds with germination ability in the total number of seeds (note: seedling rate = germination rate × emergence rate × strong seedling rate). Requirements: Generally, the seedlings should be bred to about 2 mu per square centimeter (2-2.0 in small acres). The medium acre should be about 1.5 mu (1.5~1.8 in medium seedlings and 1.2~1.5 in medium seedlings). The picking block of the rice transplanter can be adjusted to 2.0~2.7cm, and the maximum number of acres can be up to 3~6 acres. Strictly prevent the broadcast volume from being too dense and reduce the seedling rate. There are some biases in production, which require three seedlings per square centimeter in the seedling tray. Due to the seed pile up, the seedling rate is reduced, and the weak seedlings are too much, which affects the quality of the machine and the return of Honda. Lead to lack of seed production.
3 seeding number
With high-performance rice transplanter, floppy seedlings need 25-30 trays, using diced seedlings, the overall quality of machine inserts is not as good as floppy disks, and more than 30-35 plates (including seedlings) should be prepared.
4 seeding methods and implements
There are two kinds of manual sowing and machine broadcasting:
Handcast: Please have experience with the old farmer, according to the bed quantitative 2-3 times evenly falling, pay attention to the edge of the plate and the four corners of the uniform broadcast, master the fine-grained broadcast, reduce the machine to insert holes.
Machine Broadcasting: The field seedling planter developed by the Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture has 2BTP-56 and 2BTP-84 types, which spans the seedbed and plays 4-6 disks at a time. While sowing, it can be reciprocated once; the particles are uniform, the amount of broadcast is adjustable, the quality is better than that of hand-carried, and the power is 500-700 discs and 700-1000 discs per hour. For the breeding area of ​​more than a thousand acres, the 2BTP-120 seedling seeding machine can be used, and the hourly power is 1000-1500 sets. For example, the double seedbed bed long rail (40-50 meters) can be planted about 2000-2500 discs per hour.
5 cover species
After sowing, the soil is evenly covered with a fine soil, and the cover soil is about 0.5 cm thick, and the seed is basically not exposed. Conditionally, the seed can be gently pressed back to make the seed and the subsoil close to each other. Spray herbicide (young worm).
6 cover film
In order to keep warm and moisturize, prevent the damage of the rat, improve the safety and reliability of the seedlings, and use the perforated mulch flat cover seedbed after sowing. There are three ways to cover the film. The hole diameter and the hole diameter of the perforated film may be the same as the bottom film, preferably slightly thin, and the width is 1.5 m of the flat cover and 2 m of the arch cover.
Arch method
In early spring, the nursery is mainly composed of heat preservation and moisturizing. In the coastal and cold regions, the non-porous film is mainly used for the arch cover. In order to improve the temperature increase effect, the surface layer of the cover soil is covered with a layer of perforated film to increase the heat preservation effect during the refining period.
Double-night breeding, in order to prevent high temperature and heavy rain, the hole diameter of the arched hole film is 70×70mm, and the hole diameter is φ9-10mm.
Flat cover
The cover film is covered with rice or straw curtain to play the role of sunshade and cooling. The straw is 2-3 cm thick, and the requirements are uniform. Otherwise, the sun will burn the seedlings. Check in time after the rain, no water can accumulate on the membrane. There are different gaps in the production of cover grass, which should be improved.
Flat cover perforated membrane method
In the middle and late May of the south and the double-night nursery temperature, the area can be directly covered after the sowing, eliminating the straw and the arch frame. It is also resistant to high temperature, anti-storm and rat, and the quality of the seedling is good, saving labor and saving trouble. Simple, it should be promoted.
8. Seedbed management
(1) Seedbed moisture
Pay attention to the moisture of the seedbed after 2-3 days of sowing. If water shortage is found, it should be drowned in time. The time is about 10 o'clock in the morning, so you can drain it immediately. Do not lack water.
(2) Uncovering the film
In the early spring, the rice leaves are one heart, the single-season rice has one leaf and one heart, and the post-season rice seedlings are uncovered. Generally, it will be exposed in the afternoon on a sunny day. It will be exposed in the cloudy morning. It will be exposed before the rain and rain.
(3) Water slurry management
After the film is uncovered, the water is filled once to make up for the lack of soil moisture, and the ditch irrigation is maintained to keep the seedbed moist. After that, until the squatting, as long as no leaves are rolled at noon, try not to replenish water (except for fertilization and water retention). If the blade reel is found, it should be replenished immediately, drained after hydration, and the bed soil can be moistened. In the rainy days, it is necessary to drain the water in time. 2-3 days before planting, dry the drying board, so that the water content of the bed soil is about 30%. Under special circumstances, sprinkler irrigation and hydration are used to facilitate creping and machine insertion.
(4) Fertilization
One leaf and one heart period (when uncovering the film), the mixed fertilizer and acid liquid (pre-casting preparation method) are applied once, and the fertilizer type is acid. The purpose is to keep the soil pH value about 5.0, and increase the M according to the seedling condition. P, K can be 1-2 grams, 7-8 kg of standard fertilizer in acre; dry bed should be combined with watering with 1% N, P, K thick to pour the bed surface before sunset to prevent fat damage. The semi-dry nursery should first fill the water to a seedling height of 2/3, fertilize in the evening, and keep water for 2 days. The seedling machine is inserted in the three leaves and one heart to see the seedlings returning to the fertilizer. The standard is the same as one leaf and one heart. In the 3 days before the machine is inserted, the manure is applied again. The water is drained immediately, and the monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate is applied wet. The dosage of 25-30 kg per mu can also be applied. Spray water after application to prevent fertilizer damage.
The special seedlings for machine insertion are used according to the condition of the seedlings.
(5) Dwarf seedlings
Use a dwarfing agent according to the growth of the seedlings. The normal height of seedling growth is: seedling 2 leaves 8 cm or so,
2.5 leaf height is about 10 cm, middle seedling is about 12 cm in 3.5 leaf, 14 cm in 4 leaf, 16 cm in 4.5 leaf, and 18 cm in 5 leaf. The seedling is in the height range of normal leaf age. 2-3 days before transplanting, using 15% paclobutrazol 50g per acre, can promote tiller growth after transplanting in the field. If the age of the seedlings is more than 30 days, the above-mentioned paclobutrazol can be sprayed at a concentration of 1:2000 in the heart of the leaf, and the stems are thick and stout, which promotes tillering and facilitates machine insertion.
(6) Disease prevention
Cotton rot: use dixon or dry, used after sowing.
11: 1000-1500 Dixon, used as above (after Qi Miao).
2 Liqian 25 grams to 40 kg of water, spray 25 square meters after the seedlings, if the soil is not treated, it can be closed after the soil is planted.
Dead and dead seedlings:
1 climatic type: most of them are in 2.5-3 leaves, the night temperature is lower than 10 °C, and the seedling color is too tender. (Attention to the weather forecast, pay attention to the position of the weather station, sometimes the predicted temperature and the actual temperature have 2 °C error, solve The method is laminating insulation or deep water protection seedlings).
2 Disease type: The rot fungus is caused by germs caused by grain and soil. Solution: As long as the cotton rot can prevent it, it can generally achieve the goal of concurrent treatment.
The above diseases are mainly caused by low temperature. When the outside temperature reaches 15-20 °C, generally no such disease occurs in mid-May.
Five, machine transplanting technology
1. Rice pollution-free field seedling machine inserted into the field requirements
The planning of the field should be carried out in strip field and long square field. The size of each hill should be 2-3 mu. The field should have access to the farmland for mechanical and transportation. In areas where basic farmland construction has been carried out, it is suitable for the modernization of field seedlings mechanization and transplanting: the machine inserts the fields and blocks, which is conducive to the efficiency of normal hair-injection, and the regional fields of agricultural machinery services, so that unified farmland and machine insertion can be achieved. Machine collection system: unified layout of the mouth, two years must plant a green manure, rape or rest, to ensure the foundation of soil fertility. Machine insertion should achieve better quality, and should be closely coordinated with the machine, seedlings, people and fields. The measures are to carefully start the seedlings and debug the transplanting machine.
2. Preparation before machine insertion
(1) 秧
Carefully start, so that the bracts do not deform, do not break, to ensure the quality of the bracts, the use of diced seedlings, should use the dicing tool correctly, the seedling block width is strictly controlled between 27.5-28cm, reducing deformation. For large-area double-membrane breeding, a power or gravity disc cutter can be used.
(2) Shipment
In the process of decoration, the state of the sputum should be kept, and the deformation and breakage should be avoided. The transportation volume is large, and it can be transported in a shipping container. Generally, it is packed in 6 to 10 trays per carton. It is transported to the field with a pallet truck and a tractor. It is used for picking up the hand and is properly installed according to the motive requirements of the rice transplanter.
(3) Honda cultivation
After the three wheat and rapeseed are harvested, the rice is harvested in time, the fertilizer is applied, the dry cultivation is carried out, the water is released, and the difference between the heights of the fields is no more than 3-5 cm. The fertilizer is applied before the fine hoe to ensure the effective fertilizer on the surface and prevent the surface residue and straw. Weeds, etc. affect the dead seedlings caused by poor contact between seedling roots and soil.
The whole land is solid for 1-3 days to prevent the soil from floating and squeezing. The machine is inserted into the mud and pressed the seedlings to open the ditch and the central ditch to achieve fast irrigation and rapid drainage.
(4) base fertilizer
Dry-application full-layer fertilization method is adopted, that is, 200-250 kg of dried chicken manure is used per 667 m (mu) before ploughing, and 25 kg of high-efficiency slow-release fertilizer or 50 kg of active bio-organic fertilizer is used after tilling. Or use 20 tons of pork fat, 50 kg of cake fertilizer plus 5 kg of urea.
(5) Irrigation
After the field surface fertilization, the soil can not be drained. When the soil is solidified, it is soft and hard. If necessary, the irrigation machine should be inserted into the water, which is called water (low water, high water).
(6) Machineman
Performing robot training requires mastering the structure, principle and performance of the rice transplanter to achieve operation, adjustment and maintenance, and to eliminate faults and repairs.
(7) Machine tools
The rice transplanter is commissioned and in good technical condition with vulnerable parts and tools.
(8) Machine plug
Appropriate amount of early insertion, promote early hair, generally vacate the mouth, the seedlings can be planted more than 10 cm, avoiding the wrong time. Should be familiar with the performance of the transplanter, read the instructions in detail, the exact spacing and number of seedlings
(9) Machine insertion density
The basic seedlings are determined by the variety, type and model. In Jiangsu, the line spacing is 9 inches (30 cm), and the pitch is 10~16 cm. In the single season, the distance between the acupoints was mostly 14 cm. The number of holes per acre is between 1.6 and 22,000 points. According to the theory of population quality cultivation, small plants (small groups, strong seedlings) are beneficial to the stalks. Generally, it is advisable to keep 4 to 6 strains (small seedlings) and 3 to 5 strains (medium seedlings), and no less than 2 seedlings. The basic seedlings can generally reach 50,000 to 70,000 or more. Specific local flexibility, according to the number of seedlings and adjustments to take the size of the block and then try to insert, and then adjust to practical and the satisfaction of the masses.
(10) Machine insertion quality
It requires shallow insertion, no rafting, scar rate and hooking rate is less than 2~3%, straight lines, standing seedlings, no shortage of seedlings and broken strips. Uniformity and pass rate ≧85%, leakage insertion rate <5%, machine insertion production green space hand-held type 2~3 acres per hour, ride type 5-8 acres, operation stability is 100%.
(11) Replenishing seedlings
After the seedlings are planted, the seedlings will be replenished in time. In particular, the corners of the fields and the corners of the machine inserts, such as the lack of more than 2 in the field, will not affect the output.
6. Honda management after machine insertion
According to the seedlings or medium seedlings used in the machine insertion, the seedlings are dense in the plate and have a short age. Compared with the traditional splashing seedlings, there are generally short births, but due to soil transplanting, it is easy to survive; Insertion, field water temperature and high ground temperature and other advantages. As long as it promotes its quick return to green, combined with measures to control the thin tube early, the machine inserting field is generally strong, and the per mu yield is not lower than the traditional hand insert. Because of the line spacing, the ventilation and light transmission are better, and the individual and group development are better. Good, yield and 5~10% higher or higher. According to its advantages and disadvantages, the comprehensive agronomic management measures for the main growth stages of rice are described as follows:
1. After the machine is plugged in, the branching phase begins.
The center stops: the seedlings are fastened, the roots are fast, the new leaves are born fast, and the tillers appear early. Its comprehensive management measures are:
(1) Field water layer
After the flower water machine is inserted, it should be moistened with water and adhere to the water depth of 2-3 days. When you plug in the afternoon, you don't have to fill the water at night. After the soil in the roots of the seedlings is firmly adhered, the next day, the deep water will protect the seedlings. If the ground is not flat enough, first fill the water to the high in the evening and expose the seedlings at the bottom to prevent flooding. Although the seedlings have only about 2.5 leaves, because there are 8~10% of the endosperm, although the cold water also has good hair growth. After transplanting, it has strong strength and strong resistance, especially in dry breeding, and there are also semi-arid seedlings (long before transplanting). Generally, white roots grow out 2 to 3 days after the machine is inserted. To achieve this, it means that the seedlings have survived and can be properly protected.
(2) early topdressing
On the basis of the above-mentioned land preparation and fertilization, the surface has 2~3 cm of topsoil containing certain quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer (sulphur ammonium, ammonium bicarbonate or urea should be applied once on the ground). If not applied, apply a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer as appropriate 3 days after the machine is inserted. After 10, apply again. As a tiller starting fertilizer. Pay attention to the combination of NPK: Because the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer, the topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and half of the potassium fertilizer is used to promote the growth and strong seedlings.
(3) Checking seedlings
Before and after top dressing, the seedlings should be checked for replanting. If there is less seedlings, only the empty space will be filled. Although one or two seedlings in one hole do not need to be supplemented. Replenish seedlings with the same age seedlings, or intimately replenished on the spot.
(4) Pest control and grass damage
Generally, there are rice thrips and rice like potassium, which are sprayed with insecticides. Grass damage is mainly based on alfalfa, sedge, and grass.
1 Seedlings: used for blocking butyl bromide before insertion, can be used in combination with noodle fertilizer, and drained after 3 days of water retention. If there is still grass bud growth after 10-15 days of planting, it can be blocked again with chlorpyrifos and benzalkonium.
2 Mid-urine: 5 days after insertion, blocked with butyl bromide combined with fertilization. If the grass damage is heavier, it can be further banned 15 days after planting.
Under the above comprehensive measures, there will be no bad phenomena such as dead seedlings. In case of this problem, the reason should be investigated, the right medicine: such as using shallow water or drying the field. Combined with topdressing or drugs to solve. Other pest control methods are the same as those for conventional pollution-free rice production. Refer to DB32/T552-2003.
2. Fertilizer operation arrangement
The total nitrogen content per 667cm (mu) is less than 20kg per year, and the three elements of NPK are combined. Its ratio should be 1:0.5:0.7. Nitrogen should be distributed 6:4 (single night and medium) or 8:2.7:3 (early rice, late rice) for reference. The early stage includes several doses of base and manure, and the latter includes panicle fertilizer and granular fertilizer. Due to the different situations in different places, it is advisable to watch the seedlings and be flexible.
(1) base fertilizer
Adding organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, single-season rice accounted for 30% of the total, and the mid-season rice fertilizer, 50% of the surface fertilizer, and the nitrogen application amounted to 40-50%.
(2) top dressing
Promote moist fertilization and increase fertilizer utilization.
The tiller fertilizer is applied in 5-7 days after the seedling of the single-season rice, and the 3-5 days before and after the rice. The water consumption of single-season rice accounts for 20-30%, and the former and post-season rice accounts for about 30%.
Long-term coarse fertilizer: single-season rice nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 20% of total fertilizer, and increases potassium fertilizer.
Panicle fertilizer: Single-season rice is applied in the promotion and flower-preserving period, and the dosage is 30%; before and after the rice is applied in the flower-preserving period, the dosage is 20-30%.
3. Rice tillering stage to jointing stage
The central goal: to promote effective tillering, to promote early fast-rising, to the normal phase of the yellowing (tonal yellow) good joints during the jointing period. The measures are:
The water layer in the field is generally maintained at about one inch. In the coastal saline-alkali areas, attention should be paid to changes in water quality, such as foam on the surface of the water, browning of water, and timely replacement of new water. In the jointing stage, the field is baked or sun-baked twice, and the roots are deep-rooted, which is specifically cultivated in the same way.
top dressing. The amount of nitrogen in the machine is 20-30% more than that of the hand insert, so as to promote the rapid change of leaf color from shallow to deep, so that the new two or three kinetic energy leaves on the top of the seedling grow into thick green, and the leaves are soft or inclined to dance in the wind. A black period) when the yield is high. When an average of two to three low-node tillers can occur on a single plant, most of the seedlings have been “three-stranded forks, that is, three times more than the basic seedlings per mu, totaling more than 200,000. If it is not enough, it should be 5-7 days. It should be replenished once, and the amount of fertilizer should be light. After the insertion, the normal “pull yellow festival†can be produced for 30-40 days. If the tiller is too busy, the field will be denitrated in time to fade the leaf color to light green to green. better.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases: There are aphids, rice borers, planthoppers and other diseases in the field, as well as sheath blight, rice bran, base rot and other diseases, late weeds have baths, ragweed, larvae and other pest control methods Refer to DB32.
On average, each hole can reach 13-15 large ticks as an indicator (2.5-5 for tillering leaves). Note that the control is invalid. In the jointing stage, the combination of the baking fields must be shallow and the leaves are strong.
4. Rice panicle development to maturity
The purpose of the center is to promote the large stems and large ears, adjust the grain structure of the ear, and fill the grain quickly after the earing. The grain weight is full and the seed setting rate is about 90%, which is high in production and stable, which is good for machine harvest. The measures are:
Field water layer: Rice is in jointing stage (Note: only one night has obvious jointing stage, early and middle rice are not obvious), and it is re-watered after treatment of rice seedlings or drying fields. After planting, when the number of seedlings in the field reaches about 80% of the total number of spikes, it can be lightly placed. When the expected number of panicles is reached and the minimum tiller has 2.5 leaves, wet irrigation can be carried out until 20-25 days before heading, and the earing is started at the beginning of ear differentiation. The field water layer should generally be kept at about 2 inches to facilitate the development of the booting stage. Strictly prevent water shortage and drought before and after flowering. Due to the late insertion of the machine, the maturity is slower, and the water should be cut off after the yellow ripening. In this way, there is no fixed water layer in the late stage, the roots are not browned, the stems are thick and strong, and the ventilation and light transmission in the later stage is difficult to fall, so as to facilitate the machine.
Follow-up grain fertilizer: In the remaining leaves of 2.5-2, the application of the flower-preserving fertilizer and the strong seed fertilizer (breaking fat) are counted twice. The total amount of mu is 30-40% of the total nitrogen per mu per year (single season late) or 20-30% (early and late). The combination of nitrogen and potassium is mainly based on the flower-preserving fertilizer, so that the large-grain weight of the ear and the empty grain are reduced. Prevent excessive nitrogen fertilizer and cause too deep leaf color. Greedy and late.
Prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds: In the late stage, pests and diseases are combined with key prevention and control, and there are three mites, rice planthoppers, stalks, rice blasts, rice smut. The main law is the same as before.
Seven, harvest
The machine is harvested at the beginning of the yellow ripening period and should be carried out after the dew is dried. The quality of the machine should be improved and the loss rate should be controlled within 2%. Non-polluted rice should be separated from ordinary rice, and should be avoided in the areas where roads, asphalt pavements and powder layers are seriously polluted. Advocate mechanical drying.
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