Cultivation technology of white balsam pear in greenhouse

In recent years, the cultivation area of ​​greenhouses in our city has been increasing year by year. The planting area reached 667hm2 in 2001, and rose to 30hm2 in 2002. The products are mainly sold to markets in Luzhou, Jinhua and other places. Because of the good quality of white bitter gourd, it is in line with local consumption habits and is welcomed by the market. * The selling price is 7-8 yuan / kg, the output per 667m2 is 2500-3000kg, and the output value is about 5,000 yuan. The planting profit is quite high, and the area still has room to expand. The cultivation technology is introduced as follows. 

1 Variety selection

The local variety of Jiande City-Qiandao Baiyu Bitter Gourd was selected. This cultivar is an early-maturing species with vigorous plant growth. The first female flower is born in the main vines at 8 to 11 knots, and the main vine can bear fruit. Melon is snow-white, long cylindrical, and the length of the melon is 30 ~ 45cm. The melon epidermis has nodules and is shiny when mature. Single melon weighs 250-500g, tastes slightly bitter and fragrant, and has good quality. Good resistance to low temperature and weak light, suitable for greenhouse cultivation in spring. 

2 Sowing and seedlings

The planting period is scheduled from mid-December to late January of the following year. Use electric heating wire in the greenhouse to raise seedlings. Each 667m2 needs 250 ～ 500g of seeds. The bitter gourd has a hard seed coat. In order to sprout early, it must be soaked with warm water before sowing. First immerse the seeds in warm water at 55-60 ° C, stir while soaking, and soak in clear water for 24 hours after cooling to make the seeds fully absorb water. After laying the electric heating line on the seedbed, you need to irrigate the bottom water. After the seeds are evenly spread, cover the soil with 1cm. The surface of the hoe is covered with a thin layer of straw or plastic film to keep it warm. . After 5-7 days, most seeds can germinate. After a few seeds were unearthed, the cover was removed in time to see the light. When there were 2 true leaves, sunny days were selected and moved into a nutrition bowl to cultivate strong seedlings. During the seedling period, the greenhouse should be less ventilated. When the seedling has 5 to 7 true leaves and the seedling age is about 50 to 60 days, remove the middle shed film, the greenhouse can be properly ventilated, and the temperature of the shed can be lowered for low temperature refining. Spray pesticides such as metalaxyl, skelin, and virus a to prevent disease during seedling cultivation. 

3 Land preparation, fertilizer application and planting

Choose a field with deep and fertile soil layers and convenient irrigation and drainage to build a greenhouse. 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 50 kg of rapeseed cake, and 2,000-3000 kg of rotten organic fertilizer are applied every 667 m of base fertilizer. Spread the fertilizer on the soil surface, and then dig deep. The turtle is built in the shape of a tortoise with a continuous groove of about 1.3m in width, and can be planted by covering with plastic film. Generally after mid-February, when the seedlings have 7 to 9 true leaves, choose sunny day planting. Each row is planted in a row, planted in the middle of the rowan, with a plant distance of 35 to 45 cm, and 667 m row 2 is 1200 to 1500. 

4 Field Management

4.1 Temperature management Bitter gourd prefers higher temperature. The greenhouse should be closed and not ventilated at the slow seedling stage. The greenhouse temperature should be raised as much as possible to promote early rooting and early growth of the plant. Before mid-April, the temperature is low, mainly for heat preservation, and proper ventilation in high temperature weather. The shed temperature is maintained at 20-30 ° C during the day and the night temperature is maintained above 15 ° C. In the result period, the shed temperature gradually rises. On sunny days, the ventilation volume should be increased, and the shed temperature should be appropriately reduced. The temperature during the day should be controlled between 25 and 32 ° C, and the night temperature should be above 15 ° C. After the end of May remove the skirt, ventilation day and night. 

4.2 Fertilizer and water management The bitter gourd is happy to fertilize. After planting, you can chase the fertilizer once or twice according to the growth of the seedlings. Miao Wang should chase less or not, and seedling failure should chase more. The first batch of melons set up and must be chased with heavy fertilizer once before harvest. 10 ~ 15kg of ternary compound fertilizer should be applied every 667m2, and then every 2 ~ 3 batches of fertilizer should be harvested after harvesting to prevent premature aging. Topdressing can be performed in combination with irrigation. Fertilizers with drip irrigation facilities can be applied with drip irrigation, or can be applied by hole or watering. 

Bitter gourd is wet and not tolerant to waterlogging. It is advisable to properly control irrigation in the early stage, as long as the moist surface is kept moist. After sitting, the plants need a lot of water, and water should be supplied in time to avoid drought and drought. On sunny days, the ditch irrigation is usually performed once every 3 to 4 days. 

4.3 Scaffolding To facilitate management and reduce the amount of seedlings used, single planting is used, and the two sides of the vines are pruned. That is to say, 3 to 4 vigorous lateral vines are selected for each plant, and the remaining lateral vines are removed. A bamboo stick is inserted on each side of each bitter gourd to form an adult frame. The main side of the plant is bound on both sides. Only melons are kept below 1m of side vines, and no vines are left to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. When the vines climbed to the top of the shelf, they were allowed to grow and no longer pruned. 

4.4 Artificially-assisted pollination Due to the low early temperature and weak light in the greenhouse, it affects the normal pollination and fertilization of bitter gourd, which often causes the occurrence of chemical melon, poor sitting melon and deformed melon. Artificially assisted pollination is the best way to increase the initial yield and increase the fruit setting rate. Every morning after the male and female flowers are opened, the male flowers are picked and pollen is given to the female stigma. 〖Jp3〗 The flower of bitter gourd usually only blooms for one day and must be pollinated every day. There are few male flowers in the early stage, so it should be used sparingly. 

5 Control of pests

Momordica charantia has fewer diseases in the early stage and is mainly a viral disease. It should be sprayed in time before the onset or after a small number of plants to prevent it. It can be sprayed 2 to 3 times with 20% virus a500 times, which has better control effect. Powdery mildew is the main disease in the middle and late stages of bitter gourd, and the effect is better before or during the onset of disease. 15% fenoxin 1500 times, 40% fenconazole 1500 times, or 45% stone sulfur mixture 500 times can be used for prevention. Bitter gourd generally has less pests. There are melon fruit fly and melon silk pupa. It can be controlled by spraying 1.8% of ifodin EC 3000-4000 times, 5% Ruijinte 2000-3000 times, and 25% deltamethrin 3000 times. 

6 Harvesting

Picking must be done in time, usually in mid-April, when the squash is full and shiny, it is picked and listed.

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