Efficient pollution-free cultivation of edible fungi between maize is based on corn production, making full use of shading conditions in the middle and late stages of corn growth to create a suitable microclimate in the field, and creating suitable growth for the production of edible fungi in the high temperature season. surroundings. At the same time, the carbon dioxide released during the growth of edible fungi increases the photosynthetic efficiency of corn, promotes the growth of corn and increases the yield. After the mushroom is harvested, the matrix waste remains in the soil, which increases soil organic matter and fertilizes fertility to achieve sustainable agricultural development. Tests and demonstrations show that, among maize intercropping edible fungus, the yield of 456.8kg per 666.7m2 of corn, 4424.5kg per 666.7m2 of edible fungi, and 7209.8 yuan per 666.7m2, compared to pure corn, per 666. 7m net increase of 3659.4 yuan.
1. The main technologies for corn cultivation should comprehensively promote high-yield corn cultivation techniques and focus on four key health measures.
1.1 The selection of improved varieties and rational close planting and selection of improved varieties are the key to achieving high yield and high efficiency of corn and edible fungi. It is necessary to select good varieties such as Dandan 13 and Nongda 108 with high production potential. The maize intercropped in wheat field was interplanted 10 days before the wheat harvest and interplanted as required; When planting, comprehensive consideration should be given to the purpose of high yield and high efficiency of corn and edible fungi, and the sowing density should be reasonably determined. The corn yield is composed of three factors: the number of ears per mu, the number of grains per spike, and the weight of one thousand grains. Any change in any one of the three factors will cause a change in yield. Only the product of the number of ears per mu, the number of grains per ear, and the weight of one thousand grains will be maximized. Value, production, and coordinated development of three factors can achieve high yields. Among the three factors of corn yield, the number of mu spikes was the most active, with the increase of density, the number of grains per panicle decreased with increasing density. If the planting is too thin, although the grain weight and grain number are high, the yield level is low because of the low spike; if the planting is too dense, although the number of acres per mu is larger, the grain weight is reduced, the yield is not high, and the planting density is too large. Poor, thereby affecting the yield and benefits of edible fungi. Therefore, the sowing density is 3800-4000 strains, and the number of cold harvested plants per acre is not less than 3,500. This can not only exert the potential of increasing the yield of corn to achieve high yield, but also be beneficial to the growth of edible fungi, and achieve the purpose of high yield and high efficiency of a mushroom edible mushroom.
1.2 Ensure the quality of sowing, improve the uniformity of corn The inconvenience of planting and seedling management of intercropping maize often leads to a decrease in the uniformity of corn. There is a significant positive correlation between the regularity of corn and the yield, high uniformity, high utilization of light energy, and an increase in yield. To do this, we must grasp the following measures. The first is the selection of seeds. Increasing the purity of seeds is the basis for increasing uniformity, and high-quality, high-quality seeds must be used. Sowing before planting, remove small particles, insects, and diseased grains to ensure purity. The second is to plant the right kind of plant. The main reason for the lack of seedlings and ridges in the production and the high rate of small plants is caused by the lack of soil moisture, especially when interplanting corn is planted with high temperature, large evaporation, and high water demand during wheat planting. Lost quickly, lack of seedlings is particularly serious. Therefore, interplanting corn should pay more attention to planting. Soil water retention in the field during sowing should be kept at 70%. When drought occurs, it is necessary to pour water and preserve seedlings. Third, the broadcast depth is suitable, uniform, and tightly buried. The fourth is to bring a good fertilizer, so that separation of seed fertilizers to prevent burning seedlings. Fifth, seed dressing seed dressing, control seedling pests. Mythimna separata, thrips, etc. are important pests of maize seedlings. Once the damage is caused by the lack of seedlings or the formation of small plants, it will seriously affect the uniformity of corn and reduce the yield. Application of seed coating agents can effectively control seedling pests, promote growth and increase yield. Six is ​​the time seedlings Dingmiao. To achieve three-leaf seedlings five leaves Dingmiao, Dingmiao remove diseased seedlings, weak seedlings, leaving strong seedlings to ensure uniformity. Seventh, it is to divert the small seedlings and chase the eccentric fertilizer to make the corn grow evenly and improve the uniformity.
1.3 Increase investment, strengthen the management of reasonable fertilization, and increase input is the key to achieving high maize yield. Corn grows fast and requires large amounts of fertilizer. Without sufficient fertilizer input, it is impossible to obtain high yields. Therefore, according to the fertility and yield levels, according to the law of fertilizer demand, scientifically determine a reasonable amount of fertilizer, so that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium with the application. In the fertilization method, generally grasp all of the phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, micro-fertilizer and organic fertilizer base application (interplanting corn combined with Dingmiao once enough). On the basis of adequate basal fertilization, nitrogenous fertilizers are applied topically. The principle of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is to lightly attack culm fertilizer, reapply scavenging fertilizer, and apply fertilizer. For the first time, attack the culm fertilizer when the plants 6-7 leaves. The stalk manure has the effect of promoting the root and promoting the strong stalk, and lays a good foundation for the large grains of the panicle. Each 666, 7 m2 applies 10-15 kg of urea. The second time in the plant visible leaves 16-17, is in the vegetative growth and reproductive growth period, the need for fertilizer more water, is the key period to determine the large number of spikes, every 666, 7 square meters of urea 2. 5-30kg. The third time is when corn tasseling, top-dressing attacking granular fertilizer, to ensure adequate supply of inorganic nutrients, extend the period of green leaves, increase photosynthetic accumulation, increase grain weight, apply urea 5kg per 666,7 square meters. On the basis of rational fertilization, it is necessary to provide water supply according to demand, drought and watering, and drainage in case of waterlogging, so as to create soil conditions favorable to the high yield of corn. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out cultivating loose soil, promote corn growth and increase corn production.
1.4 Reasonable planting methods In order to facilitate the cultivation and management of edible fungi, the corn spacing should be properly adjusted. The live summer corn was planted in large and small rows with a large row of toes of 140cm, a small row spacing of 60cm, and 4 rows of bacterial rods between large row spacings. The wheat planted in wheat fields broke ridges 10 days before harvest, and planted 2 rows of corn on a back row, with a row spacing of 40cm. Two rows of fungus sticks were planted on the surface.
2. Edible fungus sets cultivation techniques. In order to make the growth and development of edible fungi suitable for the corn field environment, plastic bag cultivation method was adopted. Its advantages: First, to prevent contamination of bacteria. In the process of inoculation and fermentation, it will not affect the whole culture materials due to pollution; the second is that bagged cultivation has a good effect of heat preservation and moisturizing due to the sealing effect of plastic bags, and they are stacked together in the process of germination. The heat preservation moisturizing effect.
2.1 Select the appropriate edible mushroom corn intercropping fungus, due to environmental conditions and mushroom house and greenhouse cultivation different, for the growth of corn in the late, the characteristics of high temperatures, should choose high temperature resistant mushroom, straw mushroom and other edible fungi Variety is good. Its characteristics are adapted to high temperature environment, mycelium growth temperature is 15 ~ 35 °C, fruiting body growth temperature is 20 ~ 32 °C, when the corn heading into the field when the temperature is 25 ~ 30 °C, more suitable for mycelial growth, in After the maize ripening period, the field temperature was about 23°C, and the anastomosis fruit body grew and developed.
2.2 Choosing suitable culture materials There are many kinds of culture materials suitable for the growth of edible fungi, of which cottonseed hulls have the best effect, and their biological efficiency is high, generally more than 180%. In the choice of materials, we should try to choose fresh, no rain, no mildew culture materials, exposure in the hot sun for 2 to 3 days to use ultraviolet light in the sun to kill the material in the bacteria. The formula is: 100% cottonseed husk, plus 2% lime, according to the ratio of material to water 1:1.2 to 1.3, evenly mixed, moisture content 60% to 65%, you can bag inoculation.
2.3 Bagging Inoculation Before inoculation, one end of a plastic bag with a diameter of 25 cm and a length of 47 cm will be well-knotted, and the sterilized bacteria will be sprinkled on the zigzag, and then the uniform culture material will be mixed into the bag. Packing and compacting, sprinkle a layer of bacteria in the third of the volume of the bag, continue to load, and squeeze the same side, and then spread a layer of bacteria in two thirds of the bag. The method continues to charge the bag mouth with a layer of bacteria, and the bag is tightly closed after compaction. Special attention should be paid to the handling, loading and handling of the bacteria, and do not break the bag so as not to cause contamination of the bacteria. Each bag contains 1.5 kg of culture.
2.4 Discharge of bacteria in a row Discharging with lime water or sterilizing liquid in a well-selected idle house. The house should be kept airy and cool, the sun should not be direct, and the doors and windows should be covered with straw curtains. The inoculated bags are gently moved into the room for sterilizing. The bag stacking method is generally used, but not too high and too thick. There is a walkway between the larium and the larvae. The mycelium starts to germinate in 5 days because of the self-generated fermentation inside the bag. Heat, mycelium grows quickly. The best cover on the heap to create a dark and cool germination environment. With the increase of mycelial growth, the temperature of the material and the room temperature increase. At this time, the position of the bag should be exchanged every day. When the mycelium of the bag grows to 3 to 5 cm, the disinfected wire can be used to pass from one end of the bag to the other. At one end, evenly penetrate 4 to 5 times to enhance ventilation and increase bacterial growth rate. When the stacking temperature reaches 28°C or the temperature in the material reaches 30°C, the coating on the stack must be sprayed and cooled in time, and at the same time, it must be timed Check the pollution, if any contamination of the bacteria is found, remove it immediately and move it to the proper location.
2.5 Fung bag transplant When the mycelium is full of bacteria bags, corn will enter the heading stage at this time, and the good bacteria bags will be stacked in the maize row. The height should be 3 layers, cover and spray water cooling , For low temperature stimulation for 2 to 3 days, when a large number of mushroom buds are formed on both ends of the bacteria bag and the bag is full of bacteria, the tie is loosened to keep the air humidity between 85% and 95%. With the increase of the fruit body, the bag mouth should gradually loosen and expand to facilitate the rapid growth of the fruit body. After the first tidal mushroom is harvested, the bag mouth is tied up and a small hole is left to achieve the bacteria culture and Promote the formation of fruiting bodies.
2.6 Cultivation of mushroom bag and mushroom management After the first tidal mushroom is harvested, the bagged fungus bar will be planted in rows between the rows of corn. Spring and summer live corn will be ditched 100cm deep and 30cm deep between rows. After pouring enough water and waiting for the water to infiltrate, the plastic bag outside the bacteria-removing rod is planted in the trench, and 4 rows are planted in the trench; in the same manner, the corn interplanted in the wheat field is 50cm deep and 30cm deep in the surface of the ravine. Plant 2 rows of bacteria sticks, then cover the soil 2 ~ 3cm, spray the right amount of water, in order to facilitate bacteria moisturizing, 7 to 9 days after the second tidal mushroom can be produced, into the normal mushroom management.
As the climate is more difficult to control, the following points should be observed in management: First, ensure the humidity in the field. When the relative humidity on the field ground is less than 80%, water spray is needed to ensure that the humidity in the field is 85% to 95%. Second, in case of rainy weather, mushrooms should be collected before the rain, and plastic film can not be used for picking when rain is not possible. The splashed mud affects the quality of the mushroom and reduces its commodity value. Third, the temperature of corn after entering the middle of August is relatively high. It is necessary to pay attention to shading and cooling to prevent the hyphae from aging at high temperatures, and the temperature will decrease after entering the end of September. Can remove the cover, continue to strengthen mushroom management, can extend the mushrooming period, increase production, generally can produce 4 to 5 tidal mushroom; four is the post-maize growth in accordance with the conventional management, harvest corn, the first harvest corn stick, wait until all After the mushroom is over, harvest the straw again.
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