Safe grain storage includes two aspects: First, it is to prevent food from being damaged by insects, molds, rodents, and birds, and from fire, flooding, theft, etc. Secondly, attention should be paid to the safety of people and livestock during and after the processing of grain. The practical techniques for storing farm food safely are described below.
First, improve the basic conditions of grain storage
In order not to leak, it will not be damp, it can be airtight, it can be ventilated, it is not only pest-proof but also rat-proof. It is both heat-insulated and durable. Here are a few kinds of economical fittings for farmers to use.
1. Active warehouse This warehouse not only has four advantages of pest control, rat protection, moisture protection and fire prevention, but also has the advantages of convenient material acquisition, simple production, low cost, detachable and portable, and easy to move. A rectangular wooden frame is nailed with a wooden strip 2 meters long and 3 centimeters thick, and then a square wooden frame is nailed with a wooden strip 1 meter long, 1 meter wide, and 3 centimeters thick. (The size of the plate mold can be based on the size of the storage grain. The number of positions for granary assembly is increased or reduced). Two plate dies are nailed and two rectangular and two square reinforced concrete slabs are made from concrete (medium fine sand mixed cement) plus reinforcing steel or 8# iron wire. And in the four edges of each board about 10 cm to leave four about 0.5 cm in diameter of the boring board hole (perforation should be made when the board is not dry when the rake board), the boring board hole position must be the same for each board, each The thickness of the plate is the same as the thickness of the plate (3 cm). The plate can be assembled after it is prepared. Three people are required for the assembly. First, lift one rectangle and one square to the assembly position to form a right angle. One person supports a board. The other uses a wire of moderate thickness to twist in the holes of the two boards with a steel pliers. It can be fixed with a screw with a diameter of 0.3 cm to 0.4 cm. The other two panels are assembled in the same way and are combined to form a rectangular granary. The bottom plate and the cover plate can be made by the same method as described above, except that the production bottom plate should be carried out after the granary is assembled, and no plate mold is needed, and only a film (providing moisture-proof and easy unloading plate) is laid on the bottom of the granary. Then down the concrete can be added to the steel to smooth out the light. The cover plate should be made of two two-in-one reinforced concrete slabs according to the area of ​​the granary surface, which is lighter to use.
2. After the brick warehouse has chosen the location of the warehouse, the warehouse will be built against the wall. If the wall of the house is a brick or stone wall, brick squaring is more convenient. However, these warehouses can't be moved once they are made, so we must pay attention to choosing the location of the warehouse. Its size can be determined according to needs, and the warehouse can also be built into several squares to store different varieties. The top of the warehouse can be made of slate, cement, wood or iron and set into the grain outlet. The bottom of the warehouse should be protected from moisture, and can be placed on the stone's foot 25cm to 30cm above the ground, and be made into an outwardly sloped slope, with a grain outlet at the bottom of the warehouse.
3. The bamboo-cement concrete rakes are made of rough, wide, and thick purlins and are usually jar-shaped. After drying the purlins, a 1:2 cement mortar is used to paste 1 cm thick protective cement inside and outside the bamboo tires. Layers, ready to use after dried. In order to cement pots on pre-made stone piers, a plastic film may be placed under the mattress.
Second, the quality of food in the warehouse
The warehousing grain must be full, clean, and full.
1. Dry grains, ie, foods with low moisture content, must meet safe moisture standards. General requirements rice moisture does not exceed 14%, rice does not exceed 13.5%, wheat does not exceed 12.5%, corn does not exceed 13%, green beans do not exceed 12.5%, peas, beans do not exceed 12.5%, soybeans do not exceed 12%, peanuts do not More than 10%.
2. The net, that is, the amount of impurities in the grain is less. Impurities include soil, gravel, ash and weed seeds, leafy leaves of plants, and dissimilar grains. Therefore, impurities should be removed before warehousing, so that the proportion of impurities is controlled below the standard (rice, wheat, corn, no more than 1%, rice no more than 0.4%).
3. Full grain grains must be fully mature and complete. For seed grains, this requirement is higher, otherwise it will affect the germination rate and the time for safe storage. The general requirement for these imperfect grains in food is no more than 6%.
In order to achieve fullness, in addition to a few days after harvest, it is required to start with field management. Weeding in the field must be thorough and pest control must be done in a timely manner so as to reduce weed seeds and diseases and insects in the grain. To grasp the timely harvest threshing, dry sun Yang. In particular, it is important to master the sunny harvest and grab the sun, so as to achieve rapid harvest, quick threshing, fast drying, fast wind net, fast warehousing.
Third, prevent food storage pests
The common pests of stored grain include rice black worms, mealworms, corn elephants, peas, beans, green beans, wheat moths, fools, and crickets. The main control methods:
1. Closed pests use jars, jars, pots and other grain storage, can be sealed with plastic film, tightly sealed and sealed with mud. Thick (0.14 mm) film can also be used, welded to a double plastic bag with a soldering iron, and after filling with food, the bag is repeatedly tied with a string. After such confinement, it can use the vigorous respiration of food to gradually deplete oxygen, create an oxygen-deficient or hypoxic state, and suppress the reproduction of pests, thus achieving safe grain storage.
2. The glands are mainly used to prevent moth pests, especially wheat moths. The food is properly covered so that moths do not lay eggs and no larvae can harm the grain. The capping time should preferably be performed immediately after the newly harvested rice, corn, wheat, etc. are put into storage. The sun-dried sand is put into a sack or a plastic bag and laid flat on the surface of the grain, so that the lid is tight, tight, dense and solid. It can also lay a layer of kraft paper on the flat surface of the grain, and evenly cover 10 cm to 15 cm of ash on the paper.
3. Ginger Pest Control Ginger has a strong stimulatory effect on stored grain pests and can inhibit pest activity. Ginger is cut into pieces, dried and placed on the surface of the grain, and 200 grams to 250 grams of ginger are added per 100 kilograms of grain. Then, tightly cover the container of the ration, good pest control effect can be obtained.
4. Kelp pest control 100 kg of food (rice, wheat, corn, rice, etc.), put 0.8 kg to 1 kg of dry kelp, can absorb water, kill pests. According to the measurement, dry seaweed in grain can absorb 3% of water in grain within 7 days, killing more than 90% of earthworms and moth pests.
5. Pepper pest control uses a small cloth bag containing 10 grams to 15 grams of new pepper. It is put into the altar of grain storage. If it is used for aquarium or alfalfa, it can be put in several bags and covered with a lid to effectively prevent pest infection.
6. Exposure to insecticidal exposure is the effect of solar radiant heat on parasites, destroying parasite tissue and life functions, and killing pests. At the same time, the sun exposure also has the effect of moisture and mildew. This method can be used for food pests such as wheat, corn, peas, and beans. Choose hot sunny days, spread the food on the easy-heating drying area. The food should be thinned and dilute, so that the grain temperature rises to about 48 °C, and continue to dry at this temperature for 3 hours to 4 hours, and then the food is gathered together to keep the heap high temperature, the insects can be sunburned or Sudden death, until the grain temperature drops to near atmospheric temperature, then use the windmill or sieve to remove impurities and dead insects, and then into the warehouse.
7. This method can be used for worms such as peas, broad beans and mung beans with a small amount of boiled water, and the insecticidal effect is as high as 100%. Burn a proper amount of boiled water first, and keep the temperature of the boiling water in the pot. Then put the worm's beans in a basket or bamboo basket, soak it in boiling water, and stir it to make it heated evenly. After soaking for half a minute ( Note that if the scalding time is too long, the germ will be killed and the germination power will be lost. Immediately immerse in cold water prepared, cool it and dry it. It can then be stored in a sealed container.
8. The pesticide used to kill pests in stored grain pests is selected rigorously. It must possess two important conditions: First, the chemical properties are relatively stable, and it is not easy to explode and burn; second, it can kill a variety of pests, and there are no residual or residual viruses. Very slight. At present, the pesticide pesticides used in farms mainly include aluminum phosphide and insecticide-resistant phosphorus. 1 Aluminium phosphide insecticide This medicine has two kinds of powders and tablets. It can absorb the water vapor in the air to produce phosphine gas, which produces highly effective poisoning to pests. Fumigation rice, corn, wheat, sorghum, etc., 3 grams to 6 grams per cubic meter storage capacity (1 to 2 tablets); fumigation peas, beans, mung beans, etc., 6 grams to 9 grams per cubic meter storage capacity, can handle food 600 kg to 750 kg. The method is to put a layer of kraft paper on the surface of the surface of the grain pile of the sealed device, quickly put the aluminum phosphide on the paper according to the calculated drug dosage, and immediately close the device. If food is packed in plastic bags, use a string to fasten the bag. After 5 days to 7 days of closed fumigation, all pests in the stored grain can be killed. After 7 days, it can be opened and poisoned. 2 Insecticides Insects Pests such as rice, wheat, corn, and other raw grains and seed grains can be effectively controlled by insecticidal phosphorus. The dosage is 20ppm-30ppm. Select clean and dry rice hulls at a ratio of 1 kg of rice husk for 1000 kg of grain, spread the rice husk on the floor of the house 1 to 2 days before use, and spray the required medicament (without water) using an ultra-low volume atomizer. The whole pile of rice husks can be used after being dried. The storage of grain is to uniformly withdraw the medicine shell into the grain. Generally, a basket of grain can be withdrawn into a medicine shell. No stirring is required after application.
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