?? Slide mushroom is also known as slippery mushroom, light cap parasols, Japan called Naomi mushroom. Scientific name pholiota namekio. In the botanical classification, it belongs to the genus Fungi, Basidiomycotina, Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Chlamydoidea, and Parabium. It belongs to rare species and is native to Japan. Since the mid-1970s, it began in the southern part of Liaoning Province. The main producing areas are northern Hebei, Liaoning and Heilongjiang. Since the county began mass production in 1989, it has made use of local resource advantages and climate advantages. Through the constant technological innovation of the majority of scientific and technological personnel, the production and quality of S. edodes has been continuously improved, and it has now become the leading product of the mushroom industry in our county. . In 2004, the output was 50,000 tons, accounting for 40% of the national output and 25% of the world production. It has become a good project for poverty alleviation in rural areas in my county.
1, biological characteristics
1.1 The nutrients of the genus Euonymus are woody rot fungi, which grow in broad-leaved trees in nature, especially on the cutting roots and fallen wood of the Fagaceae family. Artificially cultivated slider mushrooms are artificially cultivated materials such as sawdust, straw, rice bran, wheat bran and other agricultural and sideline products rich in lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and protein. The need for auxin in Sclerotinia edodes does not need to be added to commonly used rice bran and wheat bran as a medium.
1.2 temperature slider mushroom hyphae can grow between 5 °C ~ 32 °C, the optimum temperature is 22 °C ~ 25 °C. The fruiting body can grow between 5°C and 18°C. Above 20°C, the fruiting body of the fruiting body is thin, the stem is fine, and the umbrella is opened earlier than 5°C. It grows slowly and basically does not grow.
1.3 Illumination of S. edulis does not require direct light, but it must have sufficient scattered light. Hyphae can normally grow in a dark environment, but the light has a mushroom-inducing effect on the hyphae of the vegetative mushroom Mushroom. The fruiting stage needs to give some scattered light. The light is too dark, the caps are pale, the stipe is slender, and the quality is poor, which can affect the yield.
1.4, moisture hypha culture material moisture content of 60% to 65% is appropriate. In the fruit body formation stage, the moisture content of the culture material is preferably 75% to 80%, and the relative humidity of the air is required to be 85% to 95%.
1.5, air slider mushrooms are also aerobic bacteria, the demand for oxygen and respiratory intensity. In early spring, at the beginning of inoculation, the temperature is low, mycelium grows slowly, and a small amount of oxygen can meet the needs; with the increase of temperature, the metabolism of mycelium is accelerated, the respiration is increased, and the amount of mycelia is increased. It is necessary to pay attention to the ventilation and material of the mushroom house. Inside and outside the package ventilation. Fruiting stage fruiting body metabolism is very strong, more needs fresh air, in the environment, such as carbon dioxide concentration of more than 1%, fruiting body cap is small, stipe fine, early open umbrella.
1.6, acidity and alkalinity of the culture material directly affect the activity of cell enzymes, slider mushroom mycelia growth pH value of 5 ~ 6. The pH of the culture material made from sawdust, wheat bran, and rice bran is generally 6 to 7, but the ph value drops after sterilization by heating, and there is no need to adjust the pH value.
2. High-yield cultivation techniques
2.1 Cultivation season Slipperychus is a kind of low-temperature warming type fungus, the north of China generally adopt spring and autumn, semi-clinker cultivation should be cultivated, the best choice for the early spring when the temperature is below 8 °C, the best sowing date is mid-February - In mid-March.
2.2 Selection of good strains (1) Variety selection Slide mushroom is divided into two types according to the temperature of the mushroom: early temperature (temperature of the mushroom is 7°C～20°C), early seed (5°C-15°C), middle seed (7°C) -12°C), late seeds (5°C-10°C). Producers need to select good varieties based on the local climate, cultivation methods and purposes. The main cultivars in the main producing areas are mainly Zaofeng 112, c3 ~ 1 and so on.
(2) The selection of strains should not be degraded or mixed when selecting strains. The mycelium should be white, villous, and dense, uniform, and robust. The required age of bacteria is 50-60 days, no aging, no shrinkage, no accumulation of water. Phenomenon; When selecting strains, all varieties should be used together, and one species should not be used alone to prevent the mushroom from concentrating on product sales.
2.3 The construction of a mushroom shed with a good mushrooming shed is a basic condition for the normal growth and development of Slipperus edodes. Under the current level of production and economic conditions in rural areas, it is generally due to the use of crickets to make use of vacant housing, and sheds are used as mushroom houses. In the air-raid shelters, caves and other places to cultivate mushrooms, and most of the use of a dual-use, that is, the hyphae cultivation room is fruiting body growth and development of the mushroom room.
The standardization of production is generally the use of shutter-style mushroom shed, shed height of 3.5m, shed culture rack can be used wood, bamboo rod layered erection, general height 1.7 m ~ 1.8m, width 0.6m, ground floor 0.2m from the ground, layer The distance between shelves is 0.3 m to 0.4 m. It is advisable to set up seven floors with a 0.8 m walkway in the middle. It is also possible to use cement as the pillar and pull the four 8th iron wire as the structure of the crossbar.
2.4 common formula (1) wood chips 77%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 20%, gypsum 2%, superphosphate 1%, ph value 6.0-6.5, moisture content 60% -65%.
(2) The current promotion formula: wood chips 84%, wheat bran or rice bran 12%, corn flour 2.5%, gypsum 1%, lime 0.5%, ph value 6.0-6.5, moisture content 60%-65%.
2.5 Mixing The culture materials are weighed in proportion and well-mixed. The amount of water added can be dry and wet according to the raw materials, so that the moisture content can reach 60% to 65%, and the volume can be stuffed for 30 minutes.
2.6 Sterilization (1) The use of bulk material sterilization steam type (inflatable boiler) layer spreader sterilization method. Firstly, put a layer of sacks on top of the drawers to avoid leakage. When the steam comes up, spread the material about 6cm to 8cm thick on the tray drawer (can't press with hand or shovel). When the atmosphere comes up, use a spade to separate the layers and spread the material so that the material is evenly distributed. The material must be kept under pressure so that it can be loaded in layers. The material can be loaded up to 20 cm from the upper opening. Stamping, compaction, fire after the storm up to 100 °C for 2 hours, then boring for 30 to 40 minutes can be hot pan, sterilization must be thorough, each pot suitable for sterilization 200-500 (Note using coarse wood chips The main material should be extended sterilization time).
(2) Including the mold on a tray, place the pre-cut film on a 800-fold solution of Thyroid solution or place it in a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate for 10 minutes before placing on a mold. Well, the sterilized culture material is hot-packed, the temperature of the culture material can not be lower than 80°C, and the culture material in the bacteria plate is compacted, compacted and wrapped.
2.7 Inoculation (1) Inoculation room disinfection and preparation work: First of all, the disinfection of the inoculation room should be done. The disinfection should be carried out with a disinfection box of 5g-8g per cubic meter. The operator should do the pre-vaccination preparation according to the operation requirements, with 5% Suhr sprayed the plate and all the handling and inoculation tools; close the doors and windows, so that the indoor air is still.
(2) Inoculation method: When the feed temperature drops to about 25°C, it can be inoculated aseptically. Use 200 g or 250 g bacteria for each standard dish. Remove the old skin and primordium, turn the bacteria into agglomerate size blocks, open the membrane, spread the bacteria on the surface, compact appropriately with a sterilized platen, fold the membrane, and wrap the ends up to waterproof Evaporation. Production practices have proven that the amount of inoculum is properly increased and the mycelium grows rapidly, which can prevent the early occurrence of bacteria.
2.8 Fungal management (1) Management of mycelial germination and fixing period Inoculation of the northern slider mushroom is usually completed from mid-February to mid-March. At this time, the daily average temperature is around -6°C to 5°C, which does not meet the requirements for mycelial growth. The minimum temperature is above 5°C. At this time, artificial warming is required. If bacteria grow on the outdoor dials, use corn stover or straw at night to enclose the fungus. Promote hyphae colonization, and measure the temperature of the material every three or four days. When the temperature of the bacterial mass is higher than 12°C, put the disk in a single tray.
(2) Mycelial expansion covers the management of the colonized mycelium, which gradually turns white and extends around. As the temperature rises, the growth of mycelium accelerates and grows into the material. However, as the temperature increases, the bacteria will spread and cause pollution. This stage should focus on the prevention of pollution. "Type font, the following eight-story high, the temperature within the shed is controlled at 8 °C ~ 12 °C is appropriate, requiring five to seven days overturned once, increase ventilation.
(3) Mycelial maturation management began in mid-April, when the temperature rose and the hyphae had covered the entire plate. At this time, mycelial respiration increased, oxygen demand increased, and heat was released. The temperature needed to be controlled at about 18°C. Large ventilation.
(4) Over the summer management In July and August, when the high temperature season approaches, slippery mushrooms have generally formed a layer of yellow-brown waxy layer, which is elastic and has enhanced resistance to adverse environmental conditions. However, if the temperature exceeds 30°C, the mycelium within the bacteria blocks It will die due to high temperatures and insufficient oxygen supply. Therefore, at this stage, the degree of shading should be strengthened, ventilation should be provided day and night, and in addition to opening the sunroof or the pull-out tube on the roof, a double shading net or spray water cooling facilities should be installed. And in all vents installed insect nets to prevent adult fly or larvae damage, if necessary, can be sprayed with low toxicity and no residue of biological pesticides. Such as: spraying 20% ​​of hydrogen bromide or hydrogen chloride, etc.
2.9 Mushrooming Management The temperature is stable at about 18°C ​​in mid-August, and the mushroom has reached a physiological maturity.
(1) Marking: The fungal film of the fungus is too thick, which is not conducive to mushrooming. It needs to be marked with a bamboo knife or iron nail on the surface of the fungus and vertically and horizontally drawn into a grid with a width of about 2 cm. Through the pellicle membrane, the depth should be moderate, generally 1cm deep, can be broken over the deep bacterial mass easily broken. Then put it flat or standing on the shelf, spray water, adjust the room temperature to about 15 °C, to promote the formation of fruiting bodies. (2) Temperature management: The genus Pleurotus is a low-temperature type, which is suitable for fruit body growth at 10 to 15°C. It is slower than the fruiting body at 20°C. The mushroom has a small cover, fine handle, thin flesh, and easy to open the umbrella. The fruiting body has strong resistance to low temperatures and can grow at around 5°C, but it is not robust. The fruiting body grows very well under variable temperature conditions, producing many mushrooms, large body of mushrooms, thick meat, good quality, and robust without bacteria. After the autumn season in September, the natural temperature difference is large. It is necessary to make full use of the natural temperature difference, strengthen management, and promote more productive mushrooms. The temperature at night is low, and the temperature of the mushroom room is not lower than 10°C. At noon, the temperature is high. Ventilation should be taken so that the temperature of the mushroom room is not higher than 20°C.
(3) Humidity management: Moisture is one of the important conditions for the high yield of S. edodes. In order to ensure the moisture requirement of the growth and development of S. edodes, the water should be sprayed properly to increase the moisture (about 70%) and air humidity (90). % or so). Spray at least 2 times a day. The amount of water applied should be determined based on the indoor humidity and the growth of fruiting bodies. The air humidity should be kept between 85% and 95%. The weather is dry and the air flow is too large. The number of water sprays can be appropriately increased. The more fruiting bodies occur, the more vigorous the growth of the mushroom body is, and the greater the metabolic capacity is, the greater the need to increase the amount of water applied. .
When water is sprayed, precautions should be taken: When the water is sprayed on the bacteria plate, sprayer should be used to finely spray and spray the water, so that the water slowly penetrates the surface of the bacteria block, and it is not allowed to spray water or water. When spraying water, the head of the sprayer should be higher to prevent water from impacting the mushroom.
In the winter mushrooming room, a temperature-raising device is used. It is not possible to spray water before warming, and water should be sprayed at room temperature for 2 hours.
(4) Ventilation management: The respiration rate of the mycelium during the fruiting period is increased, and the oxygen demand is significantly increased. Therefore, indoor air needs to be kept fresh. When ventilating, pay attention to temperature and humidity changes, such as the natural temperature of the mushrooming period is relatively high, indoor ventilation is not good, will result in increased mushroom or deformed mushrooms, in addition, when the temperature is higher in the season of mushrooming must open the vents and rows day and night Stomata, convection of air, to ensure adequate indoor oxygen for mushroom body needs.
(5) Management of light: When the slider fruit body grows, it needs scattered light. The bacteria block cannot be placed too densely. The room cannot be too dark. If there is not enough scattered light, the body color of the mushroom is shallow and the handle is slender.
2.10 Management of Harvesting Periods Slippery Mushrooms should be harvested before the opening of the umbrella. Harvesting after the opening of the umbrella not only reduces the quality of the S. edodes, but also results in bacterial plate infections due to the spores falling on the plate. The harvesting criteria are determined according to the requirements of the purchaser. After harvesting the first tidal mushroom, the water should be stopped for 2 to 3 days to restore the mycelium on the mushroom plate, accumulate nutrients, make the water content of the mushroom plate reach 70%, and the air humidity in the shed reaches 85%, strengthen the ventilation, and enlarge the day and night. The temperature difference causes the formation of two tidal mushrooms.