According to the different characteristics of dairy cows' milk production and development stages, dairy cows can be divided into 7 different periods: dry period, perinatal period, lactation period, mid lactation, late lactation period, yaks feeding period, and breeding cows. Feeding period. In order to meet the nutritional needs of dairy cows and reach the high yield target, the breeding of each period is not the same.
During the dry period (15 days before milking is stopped until 15 days before delivery), the diet should be dominated by high-quality green hay, and be fed with appropriate amounts of green and blue roots, roots and feed, and the concentrate should not be overdone. Generally, about 2.5 kg of concentrate is mixed. . During the late period of dry milk, it is necessary to increase dietary nutrition and reduce the amount of calcium in the mixed concentrate to meet the postnatal needs of dairy cows. The crude feed ratio at this stage is determined to be about 3:7.
During the perinatal period (15 days before and after childbirth), the amount of concentrate feeding should be gradually increased in the cows before delivery, but the maximum amount of feed should not exceed 1% of the weight of the cattle (for cows with severe prenatal breast edema, it is not appropriate to feed more concentrate). Reduce salt intake to prevent cow constipation. After the childbirth, drink hot bran and salt calcium soup 10 to 20 kg (500 grams of bran, 50 grams of salt, 50 grams of calcium carbonate) to facilitate the recovery of the cow's strength and discharge of the placenta. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio was adjusted to 3:1 within 1 week after delivery.
During the period of lactation (16 to 100 days after childbirth), the nutritional needs at this stage are partly to restore constitution, and more importantly to meet the needs of milk production. After 4 to 6 weeks of postpartum, the cows reach the peak of lactation. At this time, they can be fed by guided feeding methods, that is, starting from 5 to 7 days after delivery, feeding the cows with high-quality hay and sufficient drinking water. The concentrate is increased by 0.5 kg per day and the feeding level is Feeding requires a standard of 1.2 times until the lactation level no longer rises, and then normal feeding begins. At this time, the amount of concentrate feed should be 2.5 kilograms of basic material, and 1 kilogram of concentrate should be added for every 2.5 kilograms of milk produced, with an aspect ratio of 5:5.
Mid-lactation (101 to 200 days after childbirth) The intake of cows at this stage increases, the amount of concentrate fed should be reduced from the previous period, the ratio of refined to coarse material is 4:6, and the dry matter intake can reach 3.5% to 4.5% of body weight. . During the period, the milk production of dairy cows steadily decreased, and the monthly reduction was 5% to 7%. Therefore, various effective measures should be taken to reduce milk production as much as possible.
During the late lactation period (201 days after birth to before the dry period), the milk production of dairy cows at this stage has decreased significantly (decrease by 8% to 12% per month), and the amount of concentrate feed should be appropriately reduced. The ratio of refined to coarse is about 35:65. should. However, about 1 kg of refined feed should be added about 1 month before dry milk to ensure that the nutrients needed for fetal development are met.
Yak feeding period (1 to 6 months postpartum) The calves should be allowed to eat colostrum within 1 to 2 hours after birth, and the amount of feeding should be no less than 1 kg. The daily feeding amount during lactation should be 10 to 15 kg. Seven days after the yak is born, training can be started to feed special concentrates, high-quality soft hay and silage, and weaning can be considered when the yak can eat about 1 kilogram of open food every day. Generally calves can be weaned after being grown for about 3 months.
During the rearing period (7 to 18 months of age) of reared cattle, the ruminal capacity of the reared cattle is greatly increased, and the ability to use the green roughage is significantly improved. Therefore, the breeder should use this favorable opportunity to strengthen the rearing to obtain a larger daily gain. . The amount of feed per day is about 2.5 kilograms, and the roughage is fed freely. Under normal feeding conditions, 12-month-old cows begin to show estrus. The 18-month-old bred cows can weigh up to 300-350 kilograms and up to 125 centimeters in size.
During the dry period (15 days before milking is stopped until 15 days before delivery), the diet should be dominated by high-quality green hay, and be fed with appropriate amounts of green and blue roots, roots and feed, and the concentrate should not be overdone. Generally, about 2.5 kg of concentrate is mixed. . During the late period of dry milk, it is necessary to increase dietary nutrition and reduce the amount of calcium in the mixed concentrate to meet the postnatal needs of dairy cows. The crude feed ratio at this stage is determined to be about 3:7.
During the perinatal period (15 days before and after childbirth), the amount of concentrate feeding should be gradually increased in the cows before delivery, but the maximum amount of feed should not exceed 1% of the weight of the cattle (for cows with severe prenatal breast edema, it is not appropriate to feed more concentrate). Reduce salt intake to prevent cow constipation. After the childbirth, drink hot bran and salt calcium soup 10 to 20 kg (500 grams of bran, 50 grams of salt, 50 grams of calcium carbonate) to facilitate the recovery of the cow's strength and discharge of the placenta. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio was adjusted to 3:1 within 1 week after delivery.
During the period of lactation (16 to 100 days after childbirth), the nutritional needs at this stage are partly to restore constitution, and more importantly to meet the needs of milk production. After 4 to 6 weeks of postpartum, the cows reach the peak of lactation. At this time, they can be fed by guided feeding methods, that is, starting from 5 to 7 days after delivery, feeding the cows with high-quality hay and sufficient drinking water. The concentrate is increased by 0.5 kg per day and the feeding level is Feeding requires a standard of 1.2 times until the lactation level no longer rises, and then normal feeding begins. At this time, the amount of concentrate feed should be 2.5 kilograms of basic material, and 1 kilogram of concentrate should be added for every 2.5 kilograms of milk produced, with an aspect ratio of 5:5.
Mid-lactation (101 to 200 days after childbirth) The intake of cows at this stage increases, the amount of concentrate fed should be reduced from the previous period, the ratio of refined to coarse material is 4:6, and the dry matter intake can reach 3.5% to 4.5% of body weight. . During the period, the milk production of dairy cows steadily decreased, and the monthly reduction was 5% to 7%. Therefore, various effective measures should be taken to reduce milk production as much as possible.
During the late lactation period (201 days after birth to before the dry period), the milk production of dairy cows at this stage has decreased significantly (decrease by 8% to 12% per month), and the amount of concentrate feed should be appropriately reduced. The ratio of refined to coarse is about 35:65. should. However, about 1 kg of refined feed should be added about 1 month before dry milk to ensure that the nutrients needed for fetal development are met.
Yak feeding period (1 to 6 months postpartum) The calves should be allowed to eat colostrum within 1 to 2 hours after birth, and the amount of feeding should be no less than 1 kg. The daily feeding amount during lactation should be 10 to 15 kg. Seven days after the yak is born, training can be started to feed special concentrates, high-quality soft hay and silage, and weaning can be considered when the yak can eat about 1 kilogram of open food every day. Generally calves can be weaned after being grown for about 3 months.
During the rearing period (7 to 18 months of age) of reared cattle, the ruminal capacity of the reared cattle is greatly increased, and the ability to use the green roughage is significantly improved. Therefore, the breeder should use this favorable opportunity to strengthen the rearing to obtain a larger daily gain. . The amount of feed per day is about 2.5 kilograms, and the roughage is fed freely. Under normal feeding conditions, 12-month-old cows begin to show estrus. The 18-month-old bred cows can weigh up to 300-350 kilograms and up to 125 centimeters in size.
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