Increasing the fruit setting rate of grapes and ensuring the consistent fruit size is the key to improving the quality and economic benefits of grapes. However, in the production, the phenomenon of low fruit setting rate and small grains often occurs. Through practice, the author summarizes the reasons and corresponding management technical measures. as follows.
1. Reason analysis
1. Temperature. When the temperature reaches above 10°C, grape leaf buds begin to germinate. If the temperature is below 10°C, new shoots cannot grow normally, which will affect the normal differentiation of flower buds. After entering the flowering period, if the temperature is lower than 15°C, it will cause the floral organs to develop poorly. The temperature exceeds 35°C, especially if the branches and leaves are dense, the air permeability in the canopy is poor, and it is easy to cause the floral organs to die.
2. Light. If the light is sufficient, the leaves will accumulate more nutrients to supply the flower development; if the light is insufficient, the flower development will be poor.
3. Ventilation conditions. If the branches and leaves are too dense and the inflorescence is wrapped by the branches and leaves, it will cause poor ventilation, lack of pollination media, and affect the normal pollination of the inflorescence.
4. Fertilizer and water management. The amount of grapes is large, and the demand for water and nutrients is very large. If the supply of fertilizer and water is insufficient, especially when potassium, phosphorus, boron and other elements are lacking, the pollination ability will be reduced; but excessive water and fertilizer will cause the branches and leaves to grow and produce a lot Useless branches inhibit the growth and development of inflorescence, resulting in flower and fruit drop.
5. As a result, there are few branches and leaves. If the growth of the grape vine body is weak, the result is fewer branches and leaves, especially less than 4 leaves, which will affect the normal flowering and fruit setting of the inflorescence.
6. Improper retention of flowers and fruits. The inflorescences of grapes are clustered inflorescences. There can be 50-60 or even more flowers on a small inflorescence. If the inflorescence is not thinned, there will be fierce competition for nutrition after flowering and fruit setting, and the fruit size will be inconsistent.
2. Management measures
1. Fertilize before budding. In North China, after the grapes are unearthed, they will crawl on the ground for about 7 days. Apply 35-40 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per mu and 10-15 kg of farmyard manure per plant. After the upper and lower buds germinate evenly, they are tied up and tied.
2. Wipe buds. Before the leaf buds unfold, the nutrition of the leaf buds is supplied by the nutrients stored in the tree body. Wipe off the buds to reduce the nutrient consumption of the tree body. It should be sooner rather than later. The principle of wiping off buds is to wipe strong buds with vigorous tree vigor, wipe weak buds with moderate vigor, and weak buds with moderate vigor, wipe out double buds, crooked buds, weak buds that sprouted on the main stem, and disease and pest buds, leaving round and full buds.
3. Prune pruning. When the new shoot grows to more than 20 cm, pruning begins. â‘ Sparse the shoots, go to the small and stay big, go to the weak and stay strong. â‘¡Tie the shoots, pull down 3 to 4 vigorous branches and fix them on the wire frame with cloth strips, so that the light can enter the inside of the tree, and the other branches can spread out freely, so that the space distribution is balanced. â‘¢Putting and tying the shoots at the same time, leave 7 leaves above the inflorescence for the topping of the vigorous branches. The shoots with moderate or weak growth should be topped 2 to 3 days before flowering. The principle is that the tops are not normal. All 1/3 of the leaves are removed. â‘£Pinch the leaves. When the branches and leaves are too dense, a few leaves around the inflorescence should be properly removed to ensure that the inflorescence can be ventilated and light.
4. Sparse inflorescence. In the inflorescence separation period, first pinch off the spike tip 1 to 3 cm, and then count upward from the small inflorescence branches at the lower end, leaving 14 to 16 branches, and pinch all the upper large inflorescence branches, accessory panicles, and divergent shoulder panicles. In addition, if the individual inflorescences on the upper part are particularly long, they should be shortened appropriately so that the ears are long and cylindrical.
5. Spray fertilizer during flowering period. Combining the prevention and control of pests and diseases before flowering, spraying 0.2-0.3% borax solution on the tree can increase the fruit setting rate.
6. Remove the vice tips and tendrils. As for the secondary shoots on the fruiting branches, all the others are pinched off except for the top secondary shoots. Tendrils will consume a lot of nutrients. Remove the tendrils while removing the secondary shoots to avoid climbing everywhere.
7. Thinning fruit ears. Remove the three larger branches on the upper part of the ear. The number of spikelets remaining on the main cob is about 12-13, the cob is 15-20 cm long, and the stalk is about 10 cm long, and the diseased fruit and seedless are removed. Small grains, too dense fruit grains, inward-growing fruit grains, make the ears neat, not collapsed shoulders, and not loose.
8. Fertilize and water. The method of fertilization can be applied in holes, or liquid fertilization can be carried out by machinery, with 12-15 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu. After fertilization, the whole garden should be water-permeable once, and then small water should be watered every 10 days or so to keep the soil moist.
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PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction)
It provides a way to make more copies of a portion of DNA.
We need to have PCR ingredients that include DNA portion, Buffer solution, Primer+DNA (tap polymerase), and Nucleotides during the preparation step.
In the step of PCR sequence, there are three steps in this section.
Step 1 Denaturation
The addition of heat is needed to separate the two strands of the DNA molecule.
Step 2 Annealing
Temperature, is going to be cool in this step, should allow the primers to bind to the specific segments.
Step 3 DNA Synthesis
To make more copies of the DNA.
Those three steps above keep repeating to make enough copies of the DNA fragments. It is the principle of how PCR machine works.
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