I. Soil management measures
1. Deep turn. One of the important measures of soil management, often combined with the application of fertilizer, can not only improve the soil, but also can be applied with fertilizer. Deep turning can mature soil, deepen tillage layer, improve soil structure, increase soil microbial activity, increase soil fertility, promote root development and shoot growth, thereby increasing yield and improving quality.
The deep turnaround time of the vineyard should be carried out as soon as possible after harvesting. After harvesting the grapes, it is the key period for the accumulation of nutrients in the tree and the peak period of root growth. Deeply combined with the application of organic fertilizer, the cut roots can be quickly healed, and a large number of absorbent roots grow in the vicinity of the wound. After deep turning, it can enhance the ability of soil water storage and fertilizer retention, and enhance the wintering ability of plants.
The deep turning depth is generally 40 to 60 cm, and the soil may be as deep as the sticky soil, and the sandy soil may be shallower.
There are many kinds of deep-turning methods, which can be deep-turned all at once in the park. It can also be used to change the position of the plant on the side of the plant or the row between the plants, and then expand outwards year by year until the tree body grows. . After a few years, turn it over again.
Care should be taken to protect the roots when deep turning, and to minimize the damage to the roots.
2. Cultivate weeding. It is mostly carried out from May to September, and this is the period of vigorous root activity. In order to prevent root damage, cultivating should be shallow, and the depth is generally less than 10 cm. It takes 4 to 8 times throughout the growing season.
Artificial weeding in vineyards is done by cultivating, and chemical weeding can be used to reduce costs. Commonly used herbicides are dilamine, glyphosate and the like.
Second, fertilization
Grapes are fertilized and need to absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil every year. In order to meet the normal growth of grapes, they must be fertilized year by year. Fertilization is divided into two types: base fertilizer and topdressing.
1. Base fertilizer. At present, the organic fertilizer used for the production of base fertilizer is mainly farmyard manure, including compost, circle fertilizer, manure fertilizer, green manure, livestock manure and so on. These fertilizers have long-lasting fertilizers and are not easy to lose nutrients. They are good base fertilizers for vineyards.
The base fertilizer is best applied after harvesting the grapes. Because this is the peak of grape root growth, the roots are easy to heal, and the temperature in autumn is high, and the microbial activity is strong, which is conducive to the decomposition of base fertilizer.
The fertilizer should be applied once a year, not interrupted. Under normal circumstances, the production of 1 kg of grapes requires 3 to 5 kg of farmyard manure.
The base fertilizer is often applied in the inter-row ditch, and the ditch depth is 40-50 cm, and the ditch width is determined by the amount of fertilizer applied. The position should be changed every year, and the range of fertilization should be expanded year by year by expanding the hole.
2. Topdressing. Topdressing is divided into two types: soil topdressing and root-dressing. It is mainly based on quick-acting fertilizer. It should be supplemented according to the characteristics of the grape variety and the fertilizer requirement at the development stage.
(1) Number of top dressing: The first top dressing is carried out before germination. In addition to the large amount of nutrients required for sprouting and spreading leaves, this period is the period in which flower buds continue to differentiate, so it is necessary to apply urea or nitrogen-containing compound fertilizer before germination. .
The second top dressing is carried out before flowering, mainly based on urea, and appropriate increase of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer for the production of high-grade pollution-free fruits. This time, mainly based on manure, manure, and manure, it is the key to improve the fruit setting rate. fat.
The third fertilizer is in the growth period of young fruit, mainly composed of decomposed human excrement and manure, and appropriate amount of phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer.
The fourth fat is in the beginning of the fruit coloring period, with the decomposed human excrement and the manure, and the appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
(2) Number of top dressing: Generally, saplings and saplings are less applied in the early stage of growth, mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and more in the later stage, mainly based on phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; adult trees and high-yield trees are mostly applied, and nitrogen and phosphorus are mainly used before and after germination. In the later stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were mainly used to achieve “pre-promotion and post-controlâ€. Grapes are fertile plants. According to the measurement, for every 1000 kilograms of grapes produced, 15 to 30 kilograms of fertilizers such as urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate should be applied throughout the year.
(3) Topdressing method: divided into two parts: application and application. The application of acupoints is generally in the root distribution area of ​​20 to 40 cm from the grape plant. Each grape is evenly dug 4 to 6 pits. The depth is to be dug into the vicinity of the root system. The fertilizer is evenly applied into the pit, and the soil is immediately watered after covering the soil. . Spreading is generally to spread the fertilizer evenly into the entire tree tray, and then turn into the soil 20 to 30 cm deep. The mature manure and the manure can not be turned into the soil and directly watered.
3. Root dressing. At present, the topdressing of the grape roots is mainly based on foliar spray fertilizer. The borax sprayed with 0.3% at the flowering stage can significantly increase the fruit setting rate. After the fruit is ripened, 2 to 3 times of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed before the ripening of the berries, which can increase the yield. Improve quality; spraying 0.3% potassium sulphate or 2% ash in the mature stage of the shoots can promote the ripening of the branches.
Third, irrigation and drainage
According to the growth of the grapes, the number of watering is as follows:
1. Germination water. After the grapes were unearthed in the first part of April, they began to sprout, requiring a lot of water, and can be irrigated 1 or 2 times to promote the germination of the plants.
2. Watering the flowers. In the middle of May, the water is poured once every 10 days before flowering to meet the requirements of a large amount of water in the flowering period, and the fruit setting rate is increased.
3. Promote fruit water. After the grapes fall in the first half of June, when the fruit is sorghum, the water is poured once, which can promote the growth of young fruit and the stalks are neat.
4. Water before winter. After the harvest, the water is poured once before the winter shearing, and then the frozen water is poured once before the cold.
In addition, it is necessary to combine watering with fertilization and moisture. Pay attention to drainage when the water is heavy during the rainy season.
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