Pharmacological effects
1.Diuresis use: The piglet decoction is equivalent to crude drug 0.25-0.5g/kg, intravenous injection or intramuscular injection, has obvious diuretic effect on non-anaesthetized dogs, and can promote the discharge of sodium, chlorine, potassium and other electrolytes It may be due to the inhibition of renal tubular reabsorption. 2. Effect on immune function:
2.1. Immunopotentiation: LPS can significantly enhance the proliferation of mouse T cells on ConA and the proliferative response of B cells to LPS. Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide has obvious mitogenic effects on mouse spleen cells. At the dosage of 12.5 mg/(kg·day), Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide can significantly increase the number of specific antibody secreting cells to SRBC in mice; It can significantly increase the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction of mouse splenocytes and promote the activation of abnormal spleen cells. Toxic T cells (CTL) kill target cells. CTL is an important effector cell for immune surveillance and plays a key role in tumor immunity.
2.2. A non-T cell mitogenic effect. Using normal mouse spleen cells and thymocytes, nude mouse spleen cells and spleen cells after removing adsorptive cells, the proliferation responses to different concentrations of polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides were observed. The results showed that the response of spleen cells of nude mice to polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides was indistinguishable from that of normal mouse cells, that is, T cells did not play a role in this reaction. After removing sputum cells from nude mice, most of the remaining cells were B. The cells, but still able to undergo significant proliferative responses to Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides, indicate that Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides have a mitogenic role in B cells. The response of spleen cells of nude mice to polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides was significantly reduced after the removal of adsorbed cells, indicating that the adsorbed cells have a certain role in the response of spleen cells of nude mice to polyporus polysaccharides. It revealed that Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide may be a non-T cell mitogen. However, it does not have hemagglutination, unlike plant-derived mitogens such as PHA and ConA.
2.3. Effects on mouse blood ANAE-positive lymphocytes: The mice were injected intraperitoneal with 2 mg/0.2 ml of polyporus polysaccharide for 7 consecutive days. Blood smears were taken before and after the experiment, and ANAE positive T lymphocytes were labeled with a-naphthylacetate enzymatic method and the percentages were determined. The results showed that polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide had no effect on the total number of ANAE-positive T-lymphocytes in mice, but decreased on particulate-positive T-lymphocytes, but showed significant proliferation on dispersed-particle T-lymphocytes. 3. Anti-tumor effect:
3.1. Effect of hepatic glucose metabolism and adrenocortical function on hepatoma H22 mice: H22 polysaccharide was administered intraperitoneally to hepatoma H22 mice at 200 mg/kg for 2 days. Animals were sacrificed on the 10th day and ascites were removed. The total number of mouse tumor cells. As a result, the inhibition rate was 39%. Intraperitoneal injection of 100-200mg/kg for 5 days can increase liver glycogen accumulation in liver cancer mice, increase glycogenogenetic enzyme: glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity, but to normal Rat liver does not have this effect. 400mg/kg can restore normal cortical function in hyperthyroid rats. It suggests that the polyporus polysaccharides can adapt to the original condition, which may be a pharmacological basis for its anti-tumor effect.
3.2. Effect of Hepatic Glycogen Accumulation, Gluconeogenesis, and Degrading Enzymes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma H22 Mice: Tumor Formation
The regulation of gene expression and gene rearrangement during the process are performed by key enzymes, since gluconeogenesis is an important mechanism for the body to maintain homeostasis. The activity of several key enzymes with small glycometabolism pathways and their dynamic changes were used as indicators to observe how effective polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides for tumors increased liver glycogen accumulation in cancer-bearing mice. The daily intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg of polyporus polysaccharides for 5 days resulted in a rise in glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity from 217±35 to 267±12 umol/g protein/hr fructose-1, The activity of 6-bisphosphatase (F1,6-Pase) increased from 263±25 to 448±56 μmol/g protein/hour. If a single intraperitoneal injection of the same dose occurs, the G-6-pase activity increases significantly over 1.5 hours,12 Hours peaked and remained high at 24 and 48 hours, with F-1, 6-Pase increasing significantly at 12 and 24 hours, whereas hepatic glycogen did not increase significantly until 24 hours later. However, there is no effect on the activity of the glycogenolytic enzyme, phosphorylase. It is suggested that the liver glycogen accumulation in liver cancer mice after administration of polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides is through the increase of gluconeogenic enzyme activity, which accelerates gluconeogenesis and improves the body's homeostasis.
3.3. Anti-tumor effect of Polyporus umbellatus extract: Polyporus umbellatus extract (mainly Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide) has a significant inhibitory effect on transplanted tumor S-180 in mice. The tumor inhibition rate was 50-70%, and the tumor weight inhibition rate was more than 30%. About 6-7% of the tumor-bearing mice treated with the extract completely regressed. For mice whose tumors completely regressed, tumor cells were inoculated after 1-6 months. No tumors were grown. The extracts were administered by intraperitoneal injection, intravenous injection, or intragastric administration, and the growth of tumors was inhibited at a certain dose. However, the effect of intragastric administration is worse than intraperitoneal injection and intravenous injection, and the amount of administration is also large. Prophylactic administration has an inhibitory effect on S-180. At doses where the chemotherapeutic agent alone does not show an anti-tumor effect, the addition of an appropriate amount of the extract of Hogmantia can have a significant anti-tumor effect. The number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of the tumor-bearing mice was significantly increased, indicating a significant role in promoting the formation of antibodies, but also significantly increased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in tumor-bearing mice. This product can increase the content of cAMP in S-180 ascites cancer cells. In the experimental group with high cancer cell proliferation inhibition rate, the increase rate of cAMP content in cancer cells is also high. In general, the content of cAMP in cancer cells is lower than normal cells, and the deterioration of cancer is worsened. The lower the cAMP content. cAMP can transform tumor cells into normal cells. HSC AG, 7 compounds have cytotoxic effect on L1210 cells, with dose-dependent inhibition. 3.4. Inhibition of Experimental Bladder Tumors: Female rats were intragastrically administered 0.25 mL (90 mg) of a carcinogen BBN [N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine] solution, 2 per week For a total of 12 weeks, the total dose of BBN was 2.16g, which was fed at the same time with 90g/kg of dry powder for piglets. Executed after 30 weeks. The results showed that the total tumor rate of the bladder was reduced from 100% in the pathological control group to 61.1%, a decrease of 38.9%. The number of tumors per tumor and the diameter of the tumors were significantly lower in the mice than in the pathological control group. The tumorigenesis rate was decreased by 77.8% in the pathological control group. To 11.1%, a decrease of 66.7% indicates that the swine fever has a significant inhibitory effect on the occurrence of BBN bladder tumors, and there is no obvious toxic side effects.
4. Liver protection of mice with toxic hepatitis: mice were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride and D-galactosamine to induce toxic hepatitis, and 100-200 mg of polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide was injected intraperitoneally before and after induction. /kg was administered once every 4, 8, and 12 hours. All can significantly prevent the occurrence of hepatic lesions, SGPT activity decreased, liver 5'-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase 6-phosphate glucose phosphatase activity rebounded. Similar effects were observed in vitro, indicating a clear protective effect on the liver.
5. Anti-radiation effect: Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide has the obvious effect of preventing and curing acute radiation sickness in mice, and the effective agent and time are relatively wide. Administration of a lethal dose (800 rad) of whole body irradiated mice intraperitoneally at 2 and 48 hours before irradiation increased their survival by 30-70%. After irradiation, there is a protective price for oral or intraperitoneal injection, and prevention is more expensive than treatment. The polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide has no protective effect on the hematopoietic function of the irradiated mice, but it does significantly improve the stress function of the adrenal cortex of the irradiated mice. It is initially believed that the anti-radiation effect of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides may be through the regulation of the function of the pituitary-adrenal system, so that the body is in a stress state, thereby enhancing the ability to resist radiation damage. 6. Other effects: Intraperitoneal injection of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide to mice for 48 hours can significantly increase the incorporation of 3H-TdR in mouse thymocytes and accelerate the release of thymocytes. Since on the one hand, these phenomena are no longer present after removal of the adrenal glands, on the other hand polysaccharides can significantly increase corticosterone levels in the plasma of animals, so these effects can be considered to be achieved through the adrenal cortex.
toxicity
The dosage of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide was 2000 times 1 dose or 100 times continuous gavage or intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. No toxic reaction was found in mice and dogs, and no substantial damage was found in any organ. Carcinogenic, teratogenic, allergic and skin irritation tests showed no obvious toxic and stimulatory effects of polyporus polysaccharides.
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