The supply of mineral nutrients should be dominated by organic fertilizers and adjusted with chemical fertilizers. The content of nutrient elements in common fertilizers is single, and single application often results in excess of certain elements, resulting in antagonism between elements. The special fertilizer for fruit trees not only contains a large number of elements required for fruit trees, but also trace elements that are required but few but must be present. Therefore, pay attention to the application of special fertilizers for fruit trees in production.
At present, fruit trees are fertilized in production, and the method of leaf analysis of nutrient diagnosis is advocated to guide the ratio of fertilizers and elements. A reasonable amount of fertilizer and the ratio between the elements are the preconditions for the high yield and quality of apple production. Blind fertilization, regardless of the profit and loss and balance among various elements, will inevitably lead to a decrease in fruit production and a decline in quality. If the nitrogen fertilizer is used out of date, the nutrient growth of the tree will be strong, the coloring will be poor, the flavor will be light and the fruit will not be stored. At the same time, the increase in nitrogen levels will also affect the absorption of phosphorus and boron. Therefore, despite the fact that apple trees require many elements, each element must not be too much nor too little. For the three elements of fertilizer, N, P, and K, the normal content of apple leaves accounted for 2.0 to 2.4%, 0.15 to 0.20%, and 1.2 to 1.5% of the dry matter weight of the leaves, respectively. Below or above this standard should be considered abnormal. It should be pointed out that the mineral nutrients themselves are absorbed and used differently, as well as the difference in soil, so they are also different in the ratio. Generally, the suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plain area of ​​Tianjin is 2:2:1 or 1:2:1; the resulting tree is 2:1:2. However, the short-stemmed Marshal is an urgent necessity for apples and potassium fertilizers for apple. Therefore, pay attention to tree species and varieties in the compound fertilizer ratio.
1, base fertilizer
Basal fat is the main source of nutrients for apple trees and should account for more than 60% of the annual fertilization amount (vegetables). It is an important means to increase soil fertility, improve soil, and change the soil environment. In terms of fertilizer types, farmyard fertilizers are generally used, including farmhouse manure, circulatory fertilizer, and soil manure. The basal application period is generally in the autumn after the fruit is harvested. However, basal should not be late as soon as possible. In particular, if the result is a tree or a tree with more results, it must be applied early and often. Early basal fertilizer, fertilizer has enough time to decompose and decompose. In this way, the fertilizer can meet the needs of the peak growth of the roots in the year and also meet the needs of the tree's autumn peak accumulation of nutrients. At the same time, it has a direct and important effect on the phenomenon of abortion in flower midway due to lack of nutrition and the growth of new shoots that bloom and set fruit in the following year. If fertilization is applied late in the fall or in the early spring, the compost must be applied. Otherwise, due to the late exertion of fertilizer effect, it is a time when the growth of the tree is in the late stage, which will cause the tree to grow prosperous and prolong the growing period, making the shoots of fresh shoots unsubstantiated and wintering difficult. Early basal fertilization is also beneficial to the healing of root-cut wounds, and can increase the temperature of the ground, stimulate the growth of the roots, and reduce the freezing damage of the roots. The specific time in the northern region is generally from early September to mid-October.
In fertilization methods, there are ring groove, radial groove and whole garden applicator. The annular furrow application is suitable for implementation in the young tree stage. The saplings have a small root distribution and are dug around the circumference of the canopy. Its depth depends on the depth of the main distribution of the tree's root system. The tree can be deeper and the tree can be shallower. The fertilizer is then mixed with the topsoil into the ditch. In the second year of basal fertilization, dig trenches outside the fertilization in the first year. Later gradually expand the scope of fertilization.
With the increase of age, the distribution of roots is increasing, and the projected area of ​​the crown is also correspondingly increased. In order to make the root system absorb nutrients better, fertilization is applied with radial furrows. That is, from the vicinity of the trunk, 4 to 6 radial grooves are dug out of the canopy. The width of the ditch is 30-50 cm, and the depth gradually deepens along the trunk. Usually 10 to 40 cm, the same fertilizer is mixed with the soil. This method should change the position of the radiation ditch every year. Fertilization with furrows is the main method of fertilizing adult fruit trees. It involves digging trenches 40 to 50 centimeters deep and 30 to 40 centimeters wide at the outer edge of the canopy, filling it with fertilizer and mixing it with the soil. In the second year, the ditch is further digged in the corresponding surface of the first year of fertilization, and the position is changed every year and the fertilizer is expanded outward.
The whole garden is applied to the orchard of the trees that are used for crowning. This method is generally used in the inconvenience of the former methods and the use of the canopy is closed. That is, the fertilizer is directly scattered into fruit trees and then turned into 15 to 20 cm of soil. In some places, skillful methods of fertilization are used. This method is more beneficial to thin, drought-prone mountain orchards. The specific method is to dig 40 cm in depth and 4 to 6 holes in 30 cm in diameter around the inside of the crown. Place each hole in a straw (about 30 to 35 cm) (water immersion). Spread a certain amount of quantifying fertilizer on the grass handle, and then fill it with soil and fill it with water. Cover it with a plastic film. When watering and fertilizing the next time, a small hole is made in the mulch, then the fertilizer is applied, and finally the hole is covered with stones. Practice has proved that this method can make the fertilizer and water reach the distribution layer of the apple root, which not only meets the needs of fruit tree growth, but also has the benefits of water-saving fertilizer and soil improvement.
Some orchards use green manure, and the application method is the same as that of general basal fertilizers. However, because green manure contains more nitrogen and less phosphorus, when applying green manure, some phosphorus fertilizers such as superphosphate can be mixed. Each fruit tree can be applied with 25-50 kg of green manure. When applying, it is necessary to pay attention to a layer of green fertilizer layer of soil, depending on the size of the ditch applied 2 to 3 times, to avoid the accumulation of a rotten fever affect the normal growth of apple roots.
In short, basal fertilizer is very important. Organic fertilizer contains only various nutrients needed for the growth and development of fruit trees, and it can also improve the soil. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer must be emphasized in production. When saplings should be more than 3,000 kg per 1,000 square meters. At fruitful age, at least 2 kg of organic fertilizer should be applied to every kilogram of fruit.
2, top dressing
Fertilizer is also called supplement fertilizer, which is a deficiency of supplementing basal fertilizer. It should be applied according to the fertilizer requirement at each stage of the apple tree. Generally, apple trees can be top-dressed in three periods.
(1) Pre-emergence topdressing: The top-dressing period is before the apple tree sprouts in spring, which is roughly around the end of March. The time will affect the temperature rise too early. Top dressing is mainly to supplement the deficiency of storing nutrients in the first year. It has a direct effect on flowering, sitting and drawing. Fertilizers are mainly based on fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulfate. The amount of top dressing depends on the age of the tree, the vigor of the tree, and the output. General saplings per plant 0.1 ~ 0.25 kg. Into the fruit tree, 1 to 2 kg per plant. The method can open the ravine under the tree, ditch 5~10 cm 4~6, spread the fertilizer evenly, immediately after cover soil watering. It can also be applied under the tree, or under the canopy along the peripheral annular groove 5 to 10 cm deep. Orchards can also be thrown into the soil after being cast under the tree. (2) Dressing after flowering: that is, top dressing after apple blossom. This period is the period when the apple tree body needs the most nutrition. In addition to the rapid formation and growth of young fruit, it is also at a time when the new shoot grows vigorously. Both of them are prone to contradiction in the nutrient allocation and compete with each other. Therefore, topdressing in this period is quite important. It has a direct effect on the size, yield, and quality of fruit, on the rapid growth of new shoots, and on the rapid formation of leaf curtains.
According to reports, 25 days after flowering, the apple Fuji variety is fruit cell seperated. Grasping this period to satisfy its supply of water and fertilizers will increase the fruit's cell division coefficient and increase the fruit's weight, which will have a multiplier effect.
(3) Dressing of fruit during rapid expansion: This dressing is mainly to accelerate the rapid expansion of fruit and increase the rate of fruit cell swelling. It is important to increase the yield, overcome the "year of size" of the tree, and promote the differentiation of flower buds. This period is based on the second topdressing after physiological fruiting. Fertilizers are still dominated by nitrogen, and phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers are ideal.
According to the survey, the apple's fruit's rapid expansion period (peak of growth) is different due to different regions and varieties. The Investigation Marshal of the Tianjin Linguo Research Institute was a short-stem type and a Golden-capped variety. The peak of fruit growth appeared from mid-late June to mid-July. That is, after the middle of June, the rapid expansion of the fruit is entered.
In the production practice, the top-dressing fertilizer should grasp the principle of top-dressing trees, fertilize the land, and the trees have strengths and weaknesses. The result is different, and the demand for nutrients is also different. For a large amount of results, weak trees must eat "partial rice" and give more fertilizer. For trees with strong trees and little flowers or fruit trees that are not fruitful, in order to ease the growth of the leaves and branches and promote the formation of short shoots and flower buds, the fertilizer should be top-dressed after the new shoots are stopped, and the amount should be less. For the "Big Year" tree should increase fertilizer in the middle and later stages. The "small year" tree should focus on top dressing before and after germination. It should be pointed out that it is not too late for fruit trees to be top-dressed. The amount should not be too much. In order to avoid causing new shoots late autumn greed longevity, reduce the level of tree nutrient accumulation and ability to resist cold. It also affects the coloration and fruit quality of the variety.
According to top dressing, orchard soil conditions are different, top dressing should also be treated differently. The sand-preserving fertilizer has poor water retention, so it is necessary to chase after the ground, and do not pour water after topdressing to cause loss of water and fertilizer. In saline-alkali soil, the available phosphorus content in soil is low, and when fertilizer is topdressing, additional phosphate fertilizer (land application or external root dressing) should be added.
3, outside the top dressing
Extra-root fertilizer is an auxiliary fertilizer method in the production of fruit trees. That is, the proper concentration of the fertilizer solution is sprayed onto the leaf surface of the apple tree, and then the tree body is utilized after being absorbed by the leaves. This method is simple and easy, can be combined with spray pesticides, save labor and reduce costs. At the same time with less fertilizer, effective, high fertilizer utilization, but also to avoid the loss of some fertilizers easily caused by soil fixation, such as phosphate fertilizer, leaf spray fertilizer is usually absorbed by the leaves for a short time, spray 10 to 15 days after the tree Changes in the body will not be affected by tree-shaped nutrient partitioning and root activity, and the sprayed area will benefit, meeting the urgent needs of tree growth and development, such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in acidic soils. Alkaline soils, such as iron deficiency, boron, and manganese, can be solved by foliar spray.
The types of top dressing fertilizers outside the root include monotonous properties such as urea, boron, sand, zinc sulfate, and the like; composites such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.; pluralism, such as love, income, leaf surface treasure, etc.
The top dressing fertilizer should be sprayed after weak light after 3 or 4 pm, light intensity at noon and high temperature. The fertilizer solution evaporates quickly on the leaf surface, and it is easy to burn the leaves. At the same time, the fertilizer solution stays on the leaf surface for a short time and absorbs less. Generally, the back surface of the leaf is easy to absorb the fertilizer liquid, so when spraying fertilizer, it is necessary to pay attention to the even spraying of the leaf surface of the leaf surface.
It has been reported that after Apple harvested the fruit (between September and October), spraying 2% high-concentration urea had a significant effect on improving flower bud quality, preventing flower abortion, and increasing the tree's autumn nutrient accumulation level. . The reason for this is that during the hot summer season in September, the apple tree gradually transitioned from stagnant growth to stagnation. The growth of the roots occurs at the first peak of growth. The accumulation of nutrients in the tree body provides efficient conditions for photosynthesis. To seize this opportunity to supplement the urgent needs of the tree for nutrition, spray high concentrations of urea on the leaves, to increase the photosynthetic accumulation of the tree, increase the level of nutrient accumulation has a multiplier effect.
Pay attention to the application of fertilizers outside the roots: in the summer, when the fountain fertilizer should avoid high temperatures, it should be sprayed before 10 o'clock in the morning or after 4 o'clock in the afternoon. When borax is sprayed, it must be dissolved with warm water and then applied to water. Effective boric acid, insoluble in water at room temperature.
Root dressing cannot be used as a substitute for soil fertilization. Both have their own characteristics and complement each other. It is necessary to strive for multi-spray, spray 4 to 5 times a year.
The urea is neutral, the active ingredient is high, and the urea molecule has a small volume and is hygroscopic and can be easily absorbed by the leaves. With Bordeaux mixture or zinc sulfate, borax and other fertilizers mixed.
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, generally containing about 50% of phosphorus pentoxide, about 30% of potassium oxide. The fertilizer is easily soluble in water, shows acidic reaction, is stable in nature, does not volatilize, and does not absorb moisture. It is an efficient compound fertilizer and is suitable for top dressing. Usually sprayed after entering July, spraying 2 or 3 times a year.
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