Due to the rapid development of aerospace science and technology, especially the successful development of various types of satellites, spacecraft, and space shuttles, the establishment of a space station, the moon landing program, and the implementation of the Mars exploration program have gradually deepened human understanding of space and space. Scientific research has also developed rapidly. In recent decades, the space breeding technology has become one of the important contents of human beings' research on space life activities and has made remarkable progress.
1 Concept and Principle of Space Flight Mutation Breeding Technology
Space mutation breeding, also known as "space mutation breeding," is the use of space cosmic rays to radiate crop seeds or test mutagenic materials on return satellites or spacecraft to space 200 to 400 km away from Earth. , Mutagenesis in special environments such as high vacuum, microgravity, and alternating magnetic fields will produce beneficial variations in the tested crop seeds and materials. After returning to the ground and trying to plant new varieties of crops, the conventional breeding techniques will continue to be used. . Therefore, space mutation breeding technology is a brand-new breeding technology that combines space technology, biotechnology and crop breeding technology.
2 The biological effects of space flight mutagenesis
2.1 Effect of Space Mutagenesis on Crop Plant Morphology
Wang Junmin et al. (2004), Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, used space-based mutagenic treatments to carry out space-based mutagenesis using rice and dry seeds on returning satellites and spacecraft. Space mutagenesis and breeding applications were studied for space mutagenesis. The morphological identification and genetics results of the millet dwarf and large grain mutants showed that the contemporary treatment (SP1) was characterized by light physiological injury and normal plant seed set. The mutation frequency of the offspring was different due to different gene types. In SP2, the quantitative traits such as growth period, plant height, leaf color, tiller number, panicle length, number of grains per spike, grain shape, and 1000-grain weight all produced greater variation. In the mutagenized offspring, new rice varieties (lines) such as "Yangyu 1", "Jingyu 10" and 82036 were selected.
According to the research results of the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the carried cotton varieties by the cotton institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yu Shuxun et al. (1998), the test variety was in the course of growth, plant height, plant type, inverted 4 leaves, bell-tolerance, and bell Weight, clothing and other aspects have varying degrees of variation, the resulting variation is broad-spectrum, from which you can choose to breed excellent breeding materials and new varieties with special traits.
According to the study of Li Jinguo et al. (1999), Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the tomato varieties tested after spatial mutagenesis were SP. The morphological variation was mainly reflected in the vigorous growth of seedlings, the increase of main roots, the early flowering period, the increase of plant height, and the enhancement of disease resistance. After spatial mutation of barley and wheat cultivars, the morphological variation of the barley and wheat cultivars was mainly characterized by thicker, dwarfed stems and increased number of tillers.
2.2 Effect of Space Mutagenesis on Growth and Physical and Chemical Properties of Crops
Studies have shown that the spatially mutagenized carrot plant's main root differentiation zone is significantly longer than the control, onion bulbs earlier rooting, Gladiolus bulbs early flowering, but the growth and development of Arabidopsis has become slow.
According to observations, the seed vigor that has undergone space mutation has also undergone significant changes. For example, after the seeds of safflower were subjected to space mutagenesis, the average germination rate and the activity of peroxidase were higher than those of uncontrolled controls. The results show that space radiation and spatial microgravity affect the germination of safflower seeds. In addition, the results of space mutation treatment can significantly increase the seed vigor and promote seedling growth, which is closely related to the increase of tomato seed active oxygen defense system.
3 Research and application progress of space mutation breeding technology at home and abroad
3.1 Progress of foreign space mutation breeding
Research on space mutation breeding abroad began in the 1950s and 1960s. In recent years, spacefaring nations have conducted biological tests on crops that have already been built in addition to satellites and space shuttles. For example, the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the NASA have succeeded in planting space wheat in the space greenhouse of the Mir station. Through the research and application of aerospace mutation breeding technology, each aerospace country has successively cultivated and applied more than 100 new varieties of crops for production. This not only lays a foundation for theoretical research on space mutation breeding, but also develops space mutation breeding technology. Application opens up broad prospects.
According to incomplete statistics, during the 40 years between 1957 and 1997, aerospace giants launched a total of 120 satellites for conducting space life science research. There are 38 return satellites carrying test crop seeds, including 16 former Soviet Unions ( Times), the United States 14 (times), China 7 (times).
3.2 Progress of space mutation breeding in China
3.2.1 China's space mutation breeding has achieved fruitful results
China is one of the three countries in the world capable of launching return satellites and spacecraft. During the 16 years from 1987 to 2003, a total of 10 land-returning satellites and 5 spacecrafts were successfully launched, and it is fully equipped for the peaceful development and utilization of space. The advantages and obvious advantages of space life research and space mutation breeding.
Since 1987, more than 70 research institutes in 23 provinces and municipalities across the country have participated in the multidisciplinary research of space mutation breeding and space life science under the support of the national "863" program. The satellite and the Shenzhou spaceship carry more than 1,000 varieties of rice, wheat, barley, cotton, soybeans, millet, peanuts, pasture, radish, eggplant, tomatoes, green peppers, lilies and more than 500 varieties. A genetic variation with favorable traits has been produced. 513 rice, wheat, cotton, soybean, canola, cucumber, celery, tomato, scallion, watermelon, and white lotus have been successfully selected from the crop, accounting for the total number of space-born mutation breeding varieties in the world. For 25%, the cumulative demonstration area exceeds 133,300 hm2, and some varieties have begun to industrialize. The new varieties of space rice grown in China can increase production by 20%, and wheat can increase production by 10% to 15%. After the new varieties of grain crops developed are promoted on a large scale in production, they can increase grain production by 3 billion to 4 billion kg per year in China.
3.2.2 Breeding High Protein Rice Variety Successfully with Space Mutagenesis
Lou Jinliang, a mechanical and electrical engineering school in Hunan province, mounted a return-type satellite from purely seeded rice. It orbits the earth and orbits the earth at 218-322 km above the ground. It radiates through space microgravity, high vacuum, and strong cosmic rays. It lasted 15 days. In the mutagenesis, the favorable traits were initially expressed in SPz, and the genetic variability in SP5 tended to be stable. Compared with the control, the mutant strains had significant changes in economic traits, increased grain number of rice panicles, increased seed setting rate per plant, increased grain weight, increased grain length-breadth ratio, and flag leaf growth, and improved rice quality and protein content. During the growth period, it was strongly sensitive to temperature and photosensitivity. After five generations of pedigree selection and breeding, two new high-yield and high-protein rice varieties with different ecotypes were developed.
Researchers at the Space Breeding Research Laboratory of the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences used rice seeds that had undergone space mutagenesis. After only three years of questioning, they successfully bred a new late rice variety, “Yangyu lâ€. The variety has large spikes, many grains, full grain, high rate of polished rice, high quality rice, and good palatability. It is 15 days shorter than the growth period of the original cultivar, and the plant height is reduced by 14 years. The yield per mu is increased from 400 kg of the original cultivar to 600 kg. Up to 40%, it has been promoted to plant 20,000 hm2. Experts believe that the variation of the above-mentioned various favorable traits cannot be achieved by other mutation breeding techniques.
In addition, the “Huahang No. 1†rice bred by the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has large spikes, many grains, a high seed setting rate, excellent rice quality, and no resistance to disease and premature aging, which is 5% to 10% higher than that of its parental special crop. Promote the planting of 67,000 hm2.
3.2.3 Breeding Super Ratoon Rice Using Space Mutagenesis Breeding Techniques
According to "Agricultural Science and Technology Newsletter" No.9, 2004, Fujian Institute of Rice and Wheat, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Xie Hua'an et al. (2003) used space-based mutagenesis for the return of Minghui 86 and other three hybrid rice restorer seeds. The results have a favorable variation, and they will return the seeds to shuttle breeding in Fuzhou, Shanghang and Nanjing in Fujian Province, Yongsheng in Yunnan Province, and Sanya in Hainan Province. "No. 1" new rice variety. This variety was planted in Taoyuan Township, Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province in 2003. Accepted by experts, the yield per mu reached 1182kg, which has created the highest record for the yield per unit since the breeding of space rice for mutation breeding in China. It also has the characteristics of strong regenerative power, large panicle regeneration, and high seed setting rate.In 2003, 101 mu was planted in Youxi County, Fujian Province. The average yield per mu in the first quarter was 815.4 kg, and the highest per mu yield was 904.3 kg. Up to 521.4 kg, it has created three world records for the first season, renewable season and annual production of renewable rice.
3.2.4 Industrialization of new varieties of vegetables bred by space mutation
China's first batch of excellent varieties of high-quality space-vegetable products that have been successfully bred with space mutation breeding technology has been planted on a large scale throughout the country and has achieved industrialization and large-scale operations. Among them, the new green pepper variety “Yuanjiao No.1†has been successfully promoted, and has cumulatively promoted 13,300 hm2. In Heilongjiang, the planting of 10,000 mu is promoted, and the average yield per mu is 45000 kg, which is more than double the yield of ordinary original green pepper varieties, and the vitamin content is increased by more than 20%.
4 Development and Application Prospects of Space Mutagenesis Breeding Technology
According to Li Dongfang et al. (1997), Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, rice space mutation breeding has the following advantages and characteristics compared with conventional breeding techniques:
(1) The mutation frequency of some varieties is high, the variation range is large, the favorable variation is increased, and most favorable mutations are stable and fast.
(2) Breeding cycle shortened. It usually takes about 10 years for a new breed to be bred using traditional crossbreeding techniques. The inheritance traits of hybrid progeny do not begin to stabilize until F5 or even F6; the traits of space-producing breeding offspring are stable at SP3 or SP4, and they are bred. The new variety only takes about 5 years.
(3) There will be some special favorable mutants among the individual plants, such as mutant strains that can restore the fertility of the gluteus male sterile line by space mutation breeding, and can also obtain purple, brown and other special rice varieties. Mutant lines, the aforementioned mutation series are difficult to obtain with other ground-mutation breeding techniques.
In view of the above advantages and characteristics of space mutation breeding, it has become a high-tech for modern crop breeding, and has received much attention and development and application research from various countries. During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, China established space mutation breeding bases in Beijing, Gansu, and Yunnan provinces, and more than 50 experts participated in the research. The research and development and application results obtained were as described above. During the eleven-thirty-second period, the Ministry of Science and Technology plans to establish the “Space Breeding Project†to further deepen the research of space life sciences. Therefore, in the future selection and breeding of new varieties of crops, new techniques for space mutation breeding will surely Will receive more extensive development research and utilization, will be bred into more high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, multi-resistance and a variety of uses of new crop varieties to meet the needs of China's modern agricultural production development.
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