In recent years, the pests and diseases of peppers have become increasingly serious, and the losses caused by pests and diseases have reached 40% to 80% all the year round. Therefore, the prevention and control of pepper pests and diseases is essential to ensure the yield and quality of pepper. In this paper, the pathogenic bacteria and leaf characteristics of 17 common diseases in pepper leaves were summarized, in order to provide assistance for the prevention and treatment of pepper leaf diseases.
1. Classification of pepper leaf diseases
The disease of pepper leaves can be mainly divided into three types: fungal diseases, bacterial diseases and viral diseases. It is found that the pathogens causing the pathogenesis of pepper leaves are mainly fungal infections, and the types of diseases are diverse; the bacterial pathogens are few, but most of them are In acute cases, once the incidence of infection is faster, viral diseases can be transmitted through a variety of ways, such as farming operations and pests, and the types of diseases are diverse.
1.1 fungal diseases
Fungal diseases dominate the pepper leaf disease, with an amount of more than 80%. The pathogens causing fungal diseases of pepper leaves are: Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora capsici, Capsicum annuum, Ascomycetes, Trichosporon sphaeroides, Botrytis cinerea, Capsicum anthracis Bacteria, peppers, etc. from the genus Aspergillus.
When the fungal vegetative body grows to a certain stage to produce a propagule, if it encounters a suitable environment such as temperature and humidity, it can invade the pepper through non-keratinized parts (wounds) or natural pores (pores, water holes, nectaries, etc.). The leaf tissue makes the pepper leaves susceptible.
1.2 bacterial diseases
The bacterial diseases of pepper leaves are relatively small, mostly acute necrosis. The pathogens causing bacterial diseases in pepper leaves are mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pepper spot disease, Pseudomonas syringae, etc. The pathogens can only survive in a humid environment, and only enter the plant body in the intercellular space or xylem conduit. Reproduction in dead cells, unable to penetrate intact living cells. The path of infection is the same as that of fungi.
1.3 Viral diseases
A viral disease is a comprehensive disease that is infected by a variety of viruses. The viruses causing the viral diseases of pepper leaves are mainly tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato virus Y (PVY). The virus can infect the disease through seed poisoning, farming operations, insects and mites, nematodes and fungal transmission.
2, pepper leaf disease classification
2.1 fungal diseases
There are many types of fungal diseases in pepper leaves, and the leaf diseases are diverse.
2.2 bacterial diseases
The bacterial diseases of pepper leaves mainly include pepper bacterial scab and pepper bacterial leaf spot, which are caused by the pathogens of Xanthomonas camphora pepper spot disease and Pseudomonas syringae.
1 Chili sore rickets Symptoms Pepper bacterial scabs occur in seedlings, leaves, petioles, stems, fruits and fruit stalks, especially on leaves. The seedlings are affected, and the silvery white spots on the cotyledons are water-stained, and then become dark-colored depressions.
Infestations of seedlings often cause defoliation and plant death. In the adult stage, the leaves are in the early stage, and the water spots are yellow-green small spots at the beginning, and then become round or irregular, with dark brown edges and slightly raised edges, and the middle part is lightly concave and the epidermis is rough and sore-like lesions.
Some showed brown irregular shaped lesions on the leaves, and the edge of the lesions bulged and joined together. The large patches around the lesions were yellowish brown; some of the lesions on the leaves were many and small, nearly round, and the edges were dark brown. Middle yellowish brown;
Some along the edge of the leaf, the edges of the leaves are yellow-brown and dark brown contiguous lesions, plant damage is aggravated. The leaves with heavy damage, the leaf margin and the tip of the leaf often turn yellow and dry, and when severe, the perforation is broken, and even the whole leaf turns yellow and dry, and finally falls off; if the lesion occurs along the vein, the leaf is often deformed.
2 The leaf spot of the bacterial leaf spot of pepper was an irregular oil-immersed yellow-brown spot, and the edge of the lesion was obvious. After expansion, it is reddish brown to dark brown or rust. The shape is irregular, and some are membranous. When dry, the lesions are mostly reddish-brown, and the disease and health junctions are obvious, and there is no uplift. In severe cases, large areas of leaves are caused.
2.3 Viral disease characteristics
Capsicum virus disease is mostly a composite infection, and the symptoms are complicated. The common diseases of the leaves can be divided into mosaic, yellowing, necrosis and deformity. The mosaic type can be divided into a light mosaic type and a heavy mosaic type. The light-flower-leaf type showed yellow-green interphase or deep-dark mosaic symptoms on the leaves, leaf color chlorotic, young leaves and veins; heavy leaf type showed yellow-green interphase, or deep and shallow mosaics on the leaves. Symptoms, the leaves are shrunk, the leaves are slender and linear, and the plants are dwarfed;
The yellowing symptoms mainly manifested as chlorotic and yellowing of leaves, and the leaves in the upper part of the plant turned yellow, and the leaves died and fell off, forming yellow and green. The symptoms of necrosis were mainly caused by dead leaves and dead leaves; necrotic spots appeared in old leaves; The main symptoms are as follows: the new leaves are obviously veins, the leaves are dark and shallow, the posterior leaves are slender and thick, and the leaves are curled upwards to form a bucket.
3, disease prevention and control
3.1 Agricultural prevention and control
Agricultural control is the most direct, safe and cost-effective way to control pepper leaf disease. Strengthen quarantine to prevent infected seeds from entering the new vegetable area; select disease-resistant varieties, disinfect seeds before sowing, and kill the pathogens contained in the seeds; disinfect the parts directly contacting plants such as utensils and clothes before and after the operation to prevent cross-infection ;
Reasonable close planting, scientific fertilization, control of watering, regular loosening of soil to maintain ventilation, prevention and control of pests, and strengthening of field cultivation management; for highly infectious diseases, timely removal of diseased plants to bring out buried or burned fields, After harvesting, remove the diseased residues in the field, plow the soil, and clean up the fields.
3.2 Chemical prevention and control
The use of chemical control can quickly control the disease of the leaves, and prevent disease and increase production. However, the toxicity of the fungicide is too high. The same kind of pesticides are used for a long time, which leads to the resistance of the bacteria to pesticides, pesticide residues and environmental pollution. Therefore, when carrying out pesticide prevention and control, we should pay attention to the use of pollution-free pesticides as much as possible, accurately select anti-control agents for the disease, and grasp the dosage of the drug to avoid the occurrence of phytotoxicity or its metabolites to the human body, natural enemies of pests and other beneficial organisms and environment. And the ecological balance has a negative impact.
3.3 Biological control
Biological control can kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria through heavy parasitism, phage, antibiotic action, competition, bacteriolysis, strengthen plant development and improve tolerance, improve plant resistance to pathogens, enzyme passivation of pathogens, etc. The way to prevent and control.
Biological control is a safe and effective way to prevent and control plant diseases. It is highly targeted and has little negative impact on the environment and human body. However, the effect of prevention and control is generally less than that of chemical pesticides. The control effect is greatly affected by environmental conditions. At present, with the development of scientific research and the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, biological prevention and control meets the goal of sustainable development of ecological environment, and will become the main means to prevent and control leaf diseases.
This paper URL: Classification characteristics and control measures of pepper leaf diseases
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