To increase the milk production of dairy cows, only introduction and improvement are emphasized, and neglect of feeding and management is not effective. A cow's milk production, 30% is determined by genetic factors, and 70% is determined by environmental factors, so only scientific breeding can play genetic potential.
1 Feeding Technology Factors
The phased feeding method is currently a relatively successful experience, that is, the amount of milk cows should be changed with milk production, weight and nutritional status, that is, according to different nutritional needs of the cows, different physiological characteristics, different production performance The cow's production cycle is divided into several stages for feeding.
1.1 Dry milk period
From the end of milking of the production cows to 15 days before calving, the first born cows are pregnant for more than 7 months until 15 days before calving. This time is called the dry period, and the dry period of the dairy cows is 60 days. Dry and dry periods are too long and too short to increase milk production and keep the cow healthy. If dairy cows do not have dry milk and produce milk continuously, milk production during the second milk production period will drop by 25%, and milk production during the third milk production period will decrease by 38%. The main purpose of the dry period is to restore the body of the cow, store and supply the nutrients needed for the rapid growth and development of the fetus, and to renew cow mammary acini. Dry dairy cows should maintain their body condition at a medium level or above. Overweight is not conducive to fetal development and postpartum milk production; over-fertility is difficult to produce, and postpartum is also susceptible to ketosis and digestive dysfunction.
During the dry period, succulent feeds should be stopped, and the feeds should be mainly green and rough feeds, with appropriate mix of concentrates. The diet is adjusted according to the body condition of the cow, the extent of breast swelling, and the appetite. For example, if the bovine's body is in poor condition, the breast is not inflated and the concentrate can be supplemented.
Dry dairy cows should increase their free exercise to prevent dystocia and retention of placenta, production defects, and limb and foot disease. Also pay special attention to fighting and squeezing between cattle and cows. Should pay attention to anti-skid in winter, do not drink cold water to prevent abortion.
1.2 Perinatal period
The period from 15 days before the cow is born to 15 days after the date of production is the perinatal period of the cow. At this time, the incidence of the cow is relatively high. At this stage, the feeding and management of the cow should be based on health care. During the production process, cow genital organs are susceptible to infection, so the delivery room and cattle body should be carefully disinfected. Cows 15 days before delivery should reduce the amount of salt to prevent the occurrence of breast edema. They should also be fed low-calcium diets to reduce the calcium content to 1/2 to 1/3 of the usual amount and supply vitamin D. To stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium and bone calcium mobilization.
When the cows are calving, they can take some of the amniotic fluid to drink the cows, which is conducive to the discharge of postpartum tire clothing. Should postpartum cows rest quietly, and drink about 10 kilograms of warm salt calcium wheat bran soup (500 grams of bran, 50 grams of salt, 50 grams of calcium carbonate), in order to help restore physical strength, expel fetal clothing and prevent dry stool.
Cows can't be milked too quickly after delivery, because the milk takes away a lot of calcium, so that bone calcium is too late to mobilize, blood calcium is reduced, and production defects are easily produced. Therefore, cows are only squeezed for about 2 kg for the first time after delivery, enough for calves to feed once, 1/5 of the total milk output for the second milking, and 1 for the third total milk extrusion. /4, squeezed 1/3 for the fourth time, 1/2 for the fifth time, and squeezed the milk in the breast for the sixth time. After cows should take 40 ml colostrum plus green, streptomycin and other one, subcutaneous injection to cows, this method can promote the discharge of the placenta, the uterus to recover as soon as possible, but also to prevent metritis and mastitis.
Postpartum should pay attention to observe the cow's odor, color and quantity. The second week after childbirth should be odorless and colorless mucus, if the pink mucus discharged in the third week of odor may be metritis.
2 to 3 days after childbirth should be based on high-quality hay feeding, supplemented with digestible concentrate. According to the cow's appetite, feces, breast edema, etc., as appropriate, increase or decrease the fine material. Within 1 week after delivery, 38 °C warm water must be taken to prevent gastroenteritis.
1.3 The peak of lactation
The high-yield period of the cow is 16 to 100 days after delivery. This time it is necessary to increase the nutrition of the cow and promote the high-yield and stable production of the cow. During this period, as long as the cows produce more milk, they will have to feed more, until the milk is not increased. At the same time, it is necessary to give the cows good quality hay, silage and juicy feed, supplement minerals and ensure sufficient drinking water. Ensure that the cow has 8 hours of feeding time each day in order to increase the intake of cows
1.4 Mid lactation
101 to 200 days after delivery are the mid-lactation period of the cow, at which time the milk production of the cow begins to decrease steadily. At this time, the concentrate should be appropriately reduced and the succulent feed should be increased. Strengthen the cow movements and massage the breasts to reduce the rate of lactation decline.
1.5 Late lactation
201 days after delivery to dry milk is the period of fetal growth and body condition recovery. Milk production dropped sharply at this time. The use of roughage in the rearing of the broilers reduced the juicy feed and increased the amount of mineral feed. Do not feed frozen feed or warm water during the winter and prevent heatstroke during the summer. Pay attention to the crowded fighting of the cows to prevent miscarriage.
2 feed factors
Feed volume is a determinant of milk production in dairy cows. The feed should be based on green and green feedstuffs, based on high quality hay, supplemented with concentrate and additives. Due to climatic reasons, the province's cows generally have insufficient green feed, so silage must be kept constant for years. We have promoted corn silage in Fuyu County. By comparison, there is a difference of 1 ton of milk production during the lactation period between silage feeding and non-feeding silage. In addition, the cattle farmers in our province have very few succulent feeds, which also affects the milk production of dairy cows. In addition, the diversity of feed is also very important, and the type of roughage should be guaranteed in more than two types, such as hay, corn silage, etc.; the type of concentrate feed must be guaranteed in more than three kinds, such as: corn, bean cake, bran, etc., succulent feed We must also strive to be diversified. It is better to properly supplement beet, bean curd residue, and distiller's grains. This diversified feeding can prevent cows from malnutrition, increase palatability, and promote the appetite of dairy cows.
The crude feedstuffs for dairy cows in rural areas in our province are mainly corn stalks, and their total energy is not low. However, due to crude fiber content above 30%, they are not easily digestible, have rough texture, poor palatability, and low feed intake. Therefore, corn stalk must be fed after treatment. Most cattle farmers now use a short cut method. Actually, the shortening of corn straw just increases the utilization rate and the nutritional value has not improved much. In fact, chopped corn stalks should be crushed with a kneader to refine the straw and partially separate the combination of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, so that the nutritional value can be increased by about 35%. If conditions allow, the straw can be salified, so that the effect will be better. The so-called “salting†is to soak the straw with water and add a little salt to improve the palatability. The best use of dry corn stalks is "micro-storage". Micro-storage is a kind of feed obtained by kneading corn stalks and adding straw to live dry bacterium. Its fragrant, good palatability, crude protein content increased more than three times.
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