Abstract: The use of enzyme preparations can increase animal dietary efficiency, which has been widely recognized. With the deep understanding of the mechanism of action of feed enzyme preparations, the role of enzyme preparations in other aspects of animal nutrition has gradually emerged. This article analyzes the influence of enzyme preparations on the traditional feed formulation process from the feed formulation design process, and points out the future development direction of feed formulation enzyme preparations. Key words: Enzyme preparations; Feed formulation; Potential impact on the addition of exogenous enzyme preparations for more than 40 years, but commercial use only occurred within the last 10 years. The original intention of the application of enzyme preparations is to improve the utilization of nutrients in diets by animals. Therefore, it is mainly used in animal breeding production in the traditional animal production model (feed formulation, feed processing, and animal husbandry). With the deep understanding of the mechanism of action of enzyme preparation, people gradually realized that the role of enzyme preparation is extensive, and it has a profound and meaningful role in feed formulation, feed processing, animal health, and environmental protection. Feed formulation is the basis of the feed industry and aquaculture, and the emergence of enzyme preparations has changed the factors considered in each stage of the feed formulation design process, directly affecting the final formulation. At this stage, the production and application technology of enzyme preparations is not yet perfect, which also restricts its further function. With the increase in the production and application level of enzyme preparations, the entire process of feed formulation design may produce significant changes under the action of enzyme preparations. First, feed formulation design process Feed formulation is based on the animal's nutritional requirements to determine the percentage of individual feed components. Simplified feed formulation design process is shown in Figure 1. Enzyme preparations redefine the balance between animal nutrition requirements and diet nutrition by increasing the metabolic rate of nutrients, which directly affects the various aspects of formula design. Factors also affect the manual adjustment of the recipe. In addition, the use of enzyme preparations can better improve factors that are difficult to improve with conventional formula design, such as dietary ion balance and microecological balance. At present, considering the stability of enzyme preparations, most of them are mainly used in powders or mixed directly before feeding without processing. With the improvement of stability, enzyme preparations will directly participate in feed processing. In addition, enzyme preparations may start to exert enzymolysis during the processing of feeds. On the one hand, the enzyme preparations may be prolonged, and on the other hand, the cost of the processing process may be reduced, for example, the abrasion during feed machining may be reduced. In the rearing stage, the addition of enzyme preparations can also replace certain drugs. The goal of sustainable development also requires the animal husbandry industry to develop in the direction of green, environmental protection and high efficiency. The purpose of adopting phase formulation, granular materials and other means is to increase the utilization of nutrients and reduce the environmental pollution of animal excrement, while the enzyme The role of the preparation in this regard is quite obvious. In summary, the application of enzyme preparations affects the considerations in each stage of the formulation design process. Although the role of some aspects can not be directly applied in practice, it is gradually changing the thinking of formula design. Second, the impact on the formula design of feeds 1 on the impact of feed ingredients (1) to expand the source of feed ingredients China needs a lot of feed ingredients to support the growth of compound feed production. In the case where supply increase is not realistic, the problem should be solved mainly through the development of feed resources. Studies at home and abroad show that enzyme preparations can not only improve the use of conventional feed ingredients, but also expand the use of unconventional feed resources. China's feed resources are rich and extensive, but their utilization rate is low. Therefore, the application prospect of enzyme preparations is very broad. The use of enzyme preparations in corn pod diets with a high digestibility rate has gradually gained importance. Yin Qingqiang (1993). Experiments by Liu Xiaoping (1993), Marsman et al. (1997), Wang Wei et al. (1999), Zanella et al. (1999), and Jin Lizhi (2002) showed that enzyme preparations can still tap the potential of high digestibility diets to varying degrees. The application effect of enzyme preparations on very modern feed ingredients is superior to that of conventional feed ingredients. For cereal diets such as barley, oats, rye, wheat, rapeseed meal, rice bran, sunflower meal, copra seed meal, cottonseed meal, The feed utilization rate of basal diets such as sorghum and the production performance of poultry have improved to varying degrees. At present, enzymes commonly used for grain feeds are arabinoxylanase and beta-glucanase, which can eliminate grain feeds such as barley and wheat to varying degrees. Anti-nutritional effect of non-starch polysaccharides in rye. When selecting feed ingredients used in feed formulations, enzyme preparations increase the freedom of choice of feed ingredients, expand the use of feed ingredients and utilization, and increase the output-to-input ratio of animal production. However, due to the lack of data on the specific components of unconventional feed ingredients, there is no clear guidance on the amount of enzyme preparation used. This undoubtedly limits the efficiency of enzyme preparation. This issue needs to be further studied. (2) Improving the nutritional value of feed ingredients The overall increase in the nutritional value of feed ingredients by enzyme preparations will directly affect the selection and ratio of nutrient ingredients. The concept of "AEV" (performance energy value) of enzyme preparation proposed by Adams (1992) is not comprehensive. The improvement of the nutritional value of feedstuffs by enzyme preparations is most directly reflected in the energy, but with the further improvement of detection technology and metabolic theory, the role of enzyme preparations in other nutrients such as peptide nutrition, minerals, vitamins, etc. can also be Use some kind of indicator to indicate. The "AV" (performance value) of enzyme preparations that can participate in feed formulation design with a fixed value will greatly change the flexibility and adaptability of the formulation. At the present stage, the overall value of the enzyme preparation to the diet can only be determined by animal experiments, given a certain threshold to participate in the design of the feed formulation. The addition of an exogenous enzyme preparation degrades some of the polysaccharides that the monogastric animal could barely use, thereby increasing the metabolic energy value of the diet. In the trials of Borja Vila (1999), Zhao Fu et al (2002), Silversides (199), Zanella et al (1999), McNab et al (1993), the enzyme preparations had different degrees of increase in dietary metabolite energy, increasing rates and specific dates. Grain composition and enzyme formulation ratio and concentration, the data in Table 1. Table 1 Metabolic Energy Differences After Adding Enzyme Preparation to Corn, Wheat, Barley, and Rice Material ME/(Mcal/kg) Enzyme Plus ME (Mcal/kg) Corn 3.283.44 Wheat 3.043.22 Barley 2.702.86 Rice 3.363. 56 The addition of exogenous enzyme preparations not only helps increase the digestibility of sugars in the diet, but also helps increase protein digestibility. In the tests of F.nslsco Puchal (2000), Pack et al. (1997), Zanella et al. (199), and Michael (1999), the enzyme crude protein digestibility was improved to varying degrees, and enzyme preparations were found to have low amino acid levels. Dietary effects were significantly higher than those with high amino acid levels. Enzyme preparations also have a positive effect on mineral element metabolism. Adding non-digestible enzyme preparations. If the enzyme, cellulase, can effectively release the minerals that are coated in the plant cell wall, providing the animal body with "extra" mineral elements, and in addition, the utilization of enzyme preparations for other nutrients. Raising can also indirectly affect the metabolism of mineral elements. Numerous tests have shown that adding phytase can increase the utilization of phosphorus by 50%-0% in animals. Enzyme preparations can release additional nutrients from feed ingredients. If this amount of additional nutrients is taken into account when designing a formula, the nutrient concentration of the diet itself will undoubtedly be reduced. On the one hand, it may reduce the amount of nutrients in the excreta. Concentration of nutrients, on the other hand, may also reduce feed costs. However, how to determine the ability of enzyme preparations to release nutrients directly constrains their consideration in feed formulation. 2. Effects on Animal Metabolism (l) Effects on Endogenous Enzymes A number of studies have found that exogenous enzyme preparations can supplement the deficiency of endogenous enzymes and stimulate the secretion of endogenous enzymes. Early broiler growth, lack of endogenous enzyme secretion is a limiting factor affecting its growth. An Shuiyi (1999) showed that the digestive enzyme activity in the pancreas and intestine of broilers increased with the increase of the amount of exogenous enzymes in the diet. NOy and Ski. (1995) found that as the age increases, feed intake is similar to a linear change, and the emptying time of the intestine is shortening. The broiler chickens need to handle more chyme during the early growth period. Therefore, adding enzyme preparations helps digestion. . NE. According to Ward (1996), there is no difference in the activity of digestive enzymes between broiler and laying hens in the early stages of growth. However, broilers have larger weight gain and larger feed intake than laying hens. Therefore, early growth of broilers requires supplementation of exogenous enzymes to help digestion. . Recent studies have shown that exogenous enzymes may have a certain role in promoting the secretion of endogenous enzymes. Almiral et al. (1995) reported that addition of β-glucanase to diets can significantly increase activity of small intestinal amylase, lipase and trypsin. Studies on black bones showed that the addition of exogenous enzymes in the corn-soybean meal diet significantly increased the activities of small intestinal trypsin and total proteolytic enzymes (by 9.45% and 13.5%, respectively). Addition of exogenous enzymes in high Metz diets (30%) significantly increased intestinal trypsin and alpha-amylase activities in broilers, with increases of 46.5% and 79.8%, respectively. Supplementation of endogenous enzymes with exogenous enzyme preparations and promotion of endogenous enzyme activities all indirectly increase the utilization of dietary nutrients by animals, and thus can appropriately reduce the dietary nutrient concentration. However, insufficient experimental data are currently lacking in this regard. Instruct formula improvement. (2) Influence on the properties of food premises Viscosity is defined as the resistance of a substance to internal liquids. The viscosity of intestinal chyme is an important factor affecting the digestion and absorption of nutrients by broilers. When the viscosity increases, it will affect the digestion and utilization of nutrients (especially fat), which is reflected in: 1 The rate of release of nutrients from the diet is reduced Slow, reducing the interaction between nutrients and endogenous enzymes, the digestion rate of nutrients will also slow down; 2 The rate of nutrient diffusion into the intestinal membrane will slow down, and thus the rate of absorption will decrease; 3 The contents of intestinal machinery will be mixed The ability to weaken, emulsification of fat weakened, intestinal fat particles in the chyme become larger, the digestive rate decreased; 4 increased food moisture, slowing emptying speed, promote intestinal microbial fermentation. Soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have been shown to be the major contributors to the increase in viscosity of chyme, while the addition of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes can reduce the turbulence of chyme. Nissinen et al. (1993) reported that the process of granulation and puffing granulation significantly increased the viscosity of chyme, and the new degree after enzyme addition decreased significantly, which extended a new field for the application of enzyme preparation. (3) Effects on Metabolism and Immunity Yu Tao (1996) showed that adding enzyme preparations to barley basic diets can significantly increase triiodothyronine and thyrotrophin in the blood of broiler chickens. Growth hormone, insulin, and unknown growth factor levels have also been significantly improved, which means that the broiler body metabolism is enhanced. In addition, enzyme preparations can enhance the immunity of broilers and significantly increase lymphocyte transformation in broilers. Studies by Ai Xiaojie et al. (2000, 2002) also showed that enzyme preparations not only improved the animal's digestibility of the diet, but also affected the body's metabolism and hormone levels. The physiologically active peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of enzyme preparations in animals include antimicrobial peptides and antiviral peptides, neuroactive peptides, hormone-regulating peptides, immunologically active peptides, etc.), flavoring peptides, antioxidant peptides, and nutritional peptides. The role of the body is not yet completely clear, but its role in metabolism and immunity has received increasing attention. (4) Other roles Current research shows that feed enzyme preparations are the preferred additives to replace antibiotics. Enzyme preparations can reduce the incidence of swine manure in broiler chickens, reduce the moisture content in the excrement and the moisture in the grass, decrease the concentration of ammonia in the poultry house, and reduce some of the diseases that may be caused by it, such as thoracic cysts and swollen joints. Rotter et al. (1989) showed that the addition of enzymes in barley basal diets reduced the cloacal contamination rate by 73.6%. (P enzyme preparations increase the utilization of nutrients, thereby reducing the pollution caused by excessive nutrient excretion, which is beneficial to To protect and improve the ecological environment on which we depend, some developed countries have even passed legislation to ensure their use in animal production.Enzyme preparations can reduce the discharge of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus in livestock and poultry excrement.Piao et al. (1999) The addition of enzyme preparations to the diets of broilers significantly reduced fecal nitrogen and phosphorus excretion (16.29% and 9.71%, respectively), and DM excretion decreased by 5.7%; Kwon et al. (1995) showed that broiler diets were supplemented with diets. Acid enzymes can reduce the amount of phosphorus excretion by 34% to 50%.In summary, the effects of enzyme preparations on the feed formulation process are many, but at present, due to the lack of depth and precision in the study of enzyme preparations, the use of enzyme preparations Restricted, many tests and practices have confirmed the use of non-conventional feed ingredients through the addition of enzyme preparations, appropriate dietary nutrient concentrations, and reductions in antibiotics and drugs The amount of use and the release of animal excreta from the environment have achieved good results, so it can be predicted that with further understanding of the role of enzyme preparations, people will re-examine the traditional feed formulation design process.
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