1. Investigate the local milk sales market Unlike other livestock products, milk has a short shelf life and must be sold within 24 hours after production. Otherwise, it can easily deteriorate. Therefore, the first thing to consider is whether there is a nearby milk processing plant to purchase raw milk. If you process and sell your own products, consider how many users of milk are within a certain distance. When investigating the milk sales market, it is necessary to understand the current market conditions, including the current local milk sales volume and residents' demand for milk. We must also forecast potential market conditions in the future, and make predictions based on local economic development status and potential, the number and structure of residents, and residents’ income levels, purchasing power, and eating habits. In addition, while investigating the local milk sales market, we must also understand the local milk sales price. 2. Grasping local feed resources Dairy cows are herbivores based on roughage. To maintain a certain amount of milk production, a certain amount of concentrate feed is also required. The intake of dairy cows is large. One cow needs more than 25 kg of roughage and more than 15 kg of concentrated feed and juicy feed. Because of its large volume, it is best to use local resources to save transportation costs. Therefore, to understand whether local or nearby can grow pasture and green-feeding corn, whether wild grass resources and crop straws (such as corn stalks, straw, Peanut pods, sweet potato vines, etc.) can be used; whether there is food or other crop processing By-products (such as bran, corn bran, soybean hull, bean cake, cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake, bean curd residue, starch residue, brewer's grains, etc.) can be used. In addition, while investigating local feed resources, we must also understand the prices of various feeds. 3. Understanding the local technical service capacity The daily technical work of dairy cows is mainly artificial insemination and disease prevention. Dairy cows are perennial livestock, estrus every 20 days or so, and cows are estrus at least once a month before pregnancy. Therefore, artificial insemination is a regular technical task. Among large livestock, dairy cows are livestock that have a high incidence of diseases, especially breast disease, obstetric diseases, and digestive diseases of adult cows are common diseases. Dairy cows have a relatively high threat of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, and foot-and-mouth disease, and they must take preventive measures on a regular basis. Therefore, disease prevention and epidemic prevention are also a regular technical task. Due to the high value of dairy cows, it is particularly important for the health care of dairy cows. Therefore, it is necessary to understand whether the local animal husbandry and veterinary departments can provide the above technical services before raising cows. 4. Predicting the economic benefits of keeping cows depends on factors such as the price of milk sold, the cost of raising cows, and the amount of milk produced. The ratio of the economic benefits of dairy cows to the cost of milk (the ratio of the price of milk sold to the cost of milk production), the ratio of milk to milk (the ratio of milk production to the amount of mixed concentrate) and the cost of concentrates (the first day of concentrates) The fee/heading fee is directly related. When the milk price cost ratio is greater than 1, the dairy cows are profitable, and the milk cost ratio is related to the ratio of the milk price, the milk ratio, and the ratio of the cost of the concentrate to the cost of the rearing. The following formula is used. Formula: Milk Production Cost = First Day Feeding Cost / First Day Milk Yield = Mixed Concentrate Price Dairy Ratio X Concentrate Cost Cost of Feeding Formula 3: Milk Profit = Milk Sales Price - Milk Production Cost = Milk Sale Price - The ratio of feed price to feed price for feedstuffs is more than 60% (55-65%) of feedstuff cost, and feedstuff cost accounts for 60% (55-65%) of feedstuff cost. Therefore, the ratio of concentrate costs to feed costs is generally 30% (55%X55%) to 42% (65%X65%) with an average of 2.5:1. According to Formula 1, the cost of milk production can be calculated based on the price of mixed concentrates. For example, if the mixed concentrate cost accounts for 36% of the cost of the feed, it is known that the price per kilogram of mixed concentrate is 1.4 yuan, and when the ratio of milk to milk is 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1, the kilogram milk production costs are separately It was 1.95 yuan (1.4 yuan 20.36), 1.56 yuan (1.4 yuan 2.50.36), and 1.30 yuan (1.4 yuan 30.36). According to formula 2, it can be concluded that dairy cows have profit (cost ratio of dairy cows >1) and milk price ratio and milk sales price. For example, if the mixed concentrate cost accounts for 36% of the cost of the feed, the price per kilogram of mixed concentrate is known to be 1.4 yuan, and when the ratio of milk to milk is 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1, there is profit (cost of milk). Ratio of milk products greater than 1) should be> 1.39 (1 21.36),> 1.11 (12.50.36),> 0.93 (130.36), respectively; profitable kilograms of milk sales price should be > 1.95 (1.4X1.39) respectively. ,> 1.56 yuan (1.4 yuan X1.11),> 1.3 yuan (1.4 yuan X1.39),> 1.56 yuan (1.4 yuan X1.11),> 1.3 yuan (1.4 yuan X 0.93). According to formula 3, kilograms of milk profit can be derived from kilograms of milk sales prices and mixed concentrate prices. For example: if the blended concentrate cost accounts for 36% of the cost of the feed, the known sale price for kilograms of beef is 1.9 yuan and the price for kilograms of blended concentrate is 1.4 yuan, when the milk ratio is 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1. , Kilograms of milk profits are -0.05 yuan (1.9 yuan -1.4 yuan 20.36), 0.34 yuan (1.9 yuan -1.4 yuan 2.50.36), 0.6 yuan (1.9 yuan -1.4 yuan 30.36) 5, emphasis on the quality of dairy cows It is best to purchase dairy cows with experienced expert assistance. Pay attention to the choice of quality and quality. It is best to choose the type of milk used for Holstein cows, and avoid buying yellow-modified cows (using hybrid Holstein cows and fake Holstein dairy cows produced by Holstein cows with frozen cattle and local cattle. The choice of dairy cow quality should be based on the following four aspects: To start: (1) Cow's body appearance Good milk cow's body appearance should have good milk characteristics.The shape of the cow's body appearance can be summarized in 14 sentences: (1) overall structure 4 sentences: body type compliance, moderate public opinion; Strong physique, well-proportioned structure; thin skin, fine black and white; clear head and neck, great eyes (2) body 4 sentence: tall body length, width and depth of the chest; ribs open, wide spacing should be appropriate; back waist straight, large belly (3) Four limbs, two sentences: strong limbs, standing upright, solid hoofs, and positive hoof at the bottom (4) breast 4 sentence: breast shape, round bathtub; Good, prolonged and extended;papillary moderate, evenly distributed;(milk) vein thick,bending extension.(2)Genetic performance of cows can be consulted in pedigree data in addition to estimation of body appearance and breast development. The milk production and milk fat percentages of the previous sessions and the milk production and milk fat percentages of mothers, grandmothers, and grandmothers (3) The breeding capacity of cows The age of the first month of production and the previous orders for the adult cows The calving interval (the spacing between the tires) and the birth date of the baby, the health status of the postpartum reproductive tract, the date of the first mating after the birth, the date of the last breeding, the date of pregnancy, and the date of conception. Age, etc. In addition, we must also understand whether there is a history of miscarriage and the cause of miscarriage.Although it is permissible to examine the internal genital organs through the rectum for normality or pregnancy.(4) The health status of the cow must be observed by observing the cow's mental status and the status of the lyrical condition. , appetite status, degree of wetness of the nose, etc. to determine whether the health; the second is to look at the pedigree data in the records of the disease and previous quarantine (tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.) and the prevention of injections (anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.); Third, to understand the local Is there an epidemic of bovine infectious diseases, with emphasis on tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, infectious rhinotracheitis, and mucosal diseases; Recently issued quarantine certificates.
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