1. Implement water-saving irrigation. In the booting stage of rice, heading and flowering, young ear formation period. Try to keep the field moist. Stop rice paddy fields, and ensure that the fields with guaranteed water resources are taken several times to avoid intermittent water in the fields.
2. Increase the application of organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase the water retention capacity of soil and plants. Top dressing fertilization combined with irrigation, a single crop of rice acres of potassium fertilizer application of 5 kg, silicon, zinc fertilizer 1 kg, improve plant drought resistance.
3. Chemical water saving. The use of drought-resistant agents for foliar sprays can both inhibit leaf transpiration and promote vegetative growth.
4. Cover stalks. Collect rapeseed stalks, rice straw, etc. and evenly spread it between rows of rice. Dry-land crops can also collect crop straws and weeds to cover and protect crop plants, reduce evaporation of field moisture, keep soil moist, and suppress weeds.
(B) prevention and control of pests and diseases. In accordance with pest and disease intelligence forecasts, all localities should seriously grasp the prevention and control of planthoppers such as rice planthoppers, rice leaffolders, aphids and rice blast.
(c) Replanting and replanting other crops. Areas that are severely affected by the disaster and caused no harvesting can be changed into short-lived crops such as autumn corn, autumn soybeans, autumn potatoes, and vegetables after drought, minimizing losses due to drought.
Second, vegetables
(a) Rational use of water resources. Do everything possible to regulate water sources, make rational use of water resources, and ensure some key vegetables and water requirements in key periods. All localities should make full use of existing water sources, anti-drought tools and facilities, and actively store irrigation water sources, and vegetables that are in a period of fruitful growth should be guaranteed timely irrigation to reduce production losses.
(b) Reasonable arrangements for irrigation time. Avoid high-temperature irrigation, arrange watering in the morning or evening as much as possible to reduce the evaporation of water in the field, prohibit flood irrigation, save water, and combine topdressing with irrigation to supplement nutrients from vegetables.
(3) Timely cultivating and weeding. For unsealed summer vegetables that have not been film-covered and cultivated, digging and loosing soil shall be promptly performed to provide moisture and protect the pupa and promote growth. Weeding should be done in addition to early, except small, except to reduce the consumption of water and nutrients.
(D) should be vigorously promote coverage technology. The use of plastic film, straw, rice straw, and mountain grass to cover the surface of the plant will reduce the evaporation of soil moisture and preserve the soil.
(5) Vigorously promote the application of water saving technologies such as drip irrigation and micro-spraying. Drip irrigation can directly transport water to the roots of crops, and is very suitable for solanaceous vegetables. The water utilization rate is above 90%. Micro-spraying is suitable for the production of leafy vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, celery, and edible fungus, as well as vegetable seedlings.
(6) Vigorously promote the application of shade net covering technology. Greenhouses and small sheds can be covered with shade nets to keep cool and protect seedlings, reducing light intensity and water evaporation.
(seven) scientific fertilizer. Applying sufficient organic fertilizer can reduce the water consumption by 50-60%. In fields where organic fertilizer is insufficient, it is necessary to vigorously promote the technology of returning straw to the soil to improve the drought resistance of the soil. Topdressing should be done as early as top-dressing and deep top-dressing; it is necessary to actively adopt wet application of chemical fertilizers, liquid fertilization and other methods to supplement soil moisture, promote the growth of crop roots, and enhance the ability of seedlings to absorb deep soil moisture.
(8) Spraying drought-resistant agents and foliar fertilizer on leaves. The water on the seedlings can be increased, the body temperature of the seedlings can be reduced, the transpiration of the plants can be reduced, and part of the water and nutrients can be added.
(9) Improve the water release method. Change the traditional ditch and ditch water into intermittent water. When irrigation with the same amount of water, the distance of intermittent irrigation flow is 1-3 times of continuous irrigation, which reduces the leakage in deep layer and improves the uniformity of irrigation. The field water utilization coefficient can reach 0.8-0.9.
(10) Strengthen pest control. High-temperature weather can easily cause vegetable pests and diseases. At the same time, when taking measures against drought, we must not neglect the control of pests and diseases.
(11) Spraying plant growth regulators. For vegetables that are falling due to high temperature, some plant growth regulators can be sprayed to increase the fruit setting rate. If naphthalene acetic acid (5-15 mg/kg water) is sprayed during the flowering period of green beans, the seed setting rate of the green beans can be effectively increased, and the high temperature can be prevented from falling, thereby increasing the yield.
(twelve) timely harvest. For vegetables that have experienced drought and cannot guarantee water sources, timely harvesting is required to cultivate the next crop.
Third, tea
It is an important task for the current hot and dry weather and future self-help of tea production to do a good job of drought relief work in tea gardens, restore tea production and reduce drought losses. Technical measures should be taken from the following aspects to do a good job in drought relief:
(a) tea garden irrigation. Tea gardens with irrigation conditions can be drip-irrigated, sprinkling-irrigated, flow-irrigated, and water-irrigated. Irrigation and drought-resistance are the best, with sprinkler irrigation having the best overall effect. Tea gardens with drip irrigation facilities should use facilities as much as possible to save water while maintaining irrigation facilities. Irrigation should be carried out in the early morning and evening. Irritable at noon, because at this time the weather is hot, high ground temperature, rapid evaporation of water vapor when watering, tea can not adapt to the rapid changes in the external environment and was "hot".
(b) Shop cover. Tea trees are planted between rows, reducing ground temperature, reducing soil moisture evaporation, impounding water, and inhibiting the growth of weeds. Young tea gardens use shade nets and rice straw to cover tea gardens, which is a good way to prevent drought and water. Conditional tea farms can use shade nets to cover tea sheds and have a better anti-drought effect.
(c) Appropriate fertilization. Appropriate fertilization in tea gardens can effectively improve the drought resistance of tea plants. Appropriate addition of decomposed and thin human feces and urine in tea plantations and nurseries, or extra-root topdressing with 0.5% urea or 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution, which can improve tea tree water absorption capacity and drought resistance, especially young tea plantations, dry season Appropriate fertilization is particularly important.
(d) control of pests and diseases. During the drought, the tea plantation is prone to pests and diseases. The main tea plant diseases and insect pests are tea leaf spot, tea stem borer, tea caterpillar, snake eye borer, small green leaf carp, and carp. Young tea seedlings grow young, tender and tender. The leaves are susceptible to lepidopteran larvae such as small green leafhoppers and tea caterpillars. Imidacloprid, endosulfan, and other pesticides can be used for prevention and control to ensure the robust growth of tea seedlings and improve drought resistance. .
(e) Remedial measures. For drought-affected tea trees, after drought, wait until the rain has passed, and then use the crown-restructuring technique of deep pruning or heavy pruning or regrowth, according to the degree of dryness of the branches, to remove dead leaves and leaves, and to use sufficient fertilizer. The grass will promptly restore the victim tea tree to life, promote the sprouting of new shoots, cultivate autumn shoots, and adopt methods of early garden closure or leaf picking to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible; remove the original dry-dead tea seedling from the tea tree that has died from the drought, In the tea planting season, replant (or transplant seedlings) on the same variety of tea seedlings, and do a good job of antifreeze, drought protection seedlings.
Fourth, fruit trees
Adopting reasonable cultivation techniques has an important effect on the drought resistance of fruit trees, including the following aspects: rational dense planting, reasonable pruning, reasonable irrigation, reasonable fertilization, and deep plowing of orchards.
(a) Cover shade measures. Includes film cover and grass cover. Thin film coverage is generally conducted in March-April, when the spring is arid and windy. Orchard grass cover can be used throughout the year, preferably in summer (May); the number of orchards covered with grass covers 2000-2500 kg per mu.
(b) Orchards grow grass. Planting beneficial grasses for the production of fruit trees in orchards can not only increase the content of organic matter in the soil, reduce soil erosion, improve soil structure, and increase soil productivity, but also can improve the microclimate of orchards and reduce the transpiration of fruit trees.
(C) hole storage fertilizer and water mulching film technology. The technology of hole-filling and water-retaining plastic film covering is simple and easy, and the investment is less effective. It has the characteristics of fertilizer-saving and water-saving. Generally, it can save 30% of fertilizer and 70%-90% of water-saving, and it is thinner in the soil layer and water-free. The application of hillsides is particularly significant and is an important technology for drought and water conservation in arid orchards.
(D) the establishment of mountain orchard water storage facilities. The reservoir will store water during the rainy season and be used during the dry season. The orchards in the mountainous areas open bamboo groves. Most of the mountain orchards do not have irrigation facilities. Before the onset of the dry season, the orchard horizontal belts should be trimmed, and the bamboo groves should be opened on the inside to store water, prevent drought, and protect floods.
(e) Sunburn measures. Exposed trunks and large branches are painted white with lime, which can prevent sunburn on the trees and reduce the evaporation and pests of the trunks. The fruits are bagged to avoid burns.
(f) Rational irrigation. According to the degree of demand for water in fruit trees, priority should be given to appropriate irrigation. Irrigation in the Orchard Park is the most effective means of drought resistance. In young orchards, due to the shallow root system, water should be supplied several times in a timely manner to supplement the moisture of the tree and promote normal growth and development. Be careful not to water at high temperatures at noon.
In addition, proper trimming (cutting off invalid shoots), spraying of steam suppressants, etc., can also be used to reduce the transpiration of branches and leaves and improve the moisture status of the tree.
Fifth, edible fungi
(1) The bacterial rods of long-cultivation mushroom species, such as shiitake mushrooms, which are already fully sterilized, should be well shaded and ventilated in the stacking environment, and should not be sprayed intermittently in the surrounding area to prevent high-temperature and sweltering environments from moving without moving the mushroom rods. Fungus bar puncture.
(2) The bacterial rods that have been completely contaminated, as well as the recently inoculated rods that have been partially contaminated, must be bagged in time, dried and reused the culture materials.
(3) Except for factory cultivation plants, all sticks and inoculations shall be suspended until around August 10, depending on the weather conditions, the sticks will be started on a different day.
Six, Chinese herbal medicine
(1) Variety of medicines cultivated in facilities. Such as Dendrobium candidum must take effective measures to prevent heat and damage, in particular, pay attention to the temperature 50cm from the ground can not exceed 35 °C, multi-span greenhouses, steel greenhouses timely uncover the film, open the micro-spray irrigation system water spray cooling, maintain air flow, control Good conditions such as humidity and temperature in indoor shed to prevent heat from causing heat damage such as burning of Dendrobium candidum seedlings, dead seedlings, etc.; safflower bulbs should pay attention to the control of indoor temperature and humidity, windows and doors closed during the day, ventilation at night, ground and walls often Watering, keep the air moist, but the bulbs must not be sprinkled with water, if you encounter the water safflower bulbs in advance long roots, will affect the flowering and propagation of the bulbs after planting; Sanyeqing to avoid direct sunlight, do a good job shading the greenhouse .
(b) Variety of medicinal herbs cultivated in the open air. Such as Atractylodes, Wen Yu Jin, Scrophulariaceae, Angelica, honeysuckle, chrysanthemum, Miren, Chinese yam, Campanulaceae, Peucedanum, Polygonatum and Houttuynia species, summer high temperature and drought should pay attention to the following points:
1. Regular watering and irrigation to keep the soil moist, to meet the water demand of plants, dry areas difficult to drench irrigation, every 1 to 2 days to perform a leaf spray.
2. Weaving straw curtains with manuscript or rice straw, etc. to build sheds to shade, so as to prevent the growth of herbs from being harmed by high temperature and drought and avoid affecting the yield.
3. Foliar can be sprayed with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.3% urea, 0.1% borax and other fertilizers. Choose cloudy days when spraying, sunny days can be done before 10 o'clock in the morning or after 5 o'clock in the afternoon.
4. Spray the vaporizer. Each kilogram of anti-evaporation agent was sprayed with 100kg to 150kg of water spray. After spraying, a layer of polymer film was formed on the surface of the branches and leaves, thus effectively weakening the leaves and transpiration.
VII. General drought-resistant measures for crops
(1) Manual water-saving irrigation Artificial irrigation is the most direct and effective drought-resistant measure. In case of continuous drought and water shortages, water-saving irrigation methods should be adopted as much as possible:
1. Field ground irrigation. In the vegetable gardens, the earthen canal was changed to water for irrigation of the seepage canal, which can save water by 20%. It is an effective measure for water-saving irrigation to promote wide-ranging and narrow-narrowing, change long and short crops, change long ditch to short ditch, control field irrigation volume, and increase the effective utilization rate of irrigation.
2. Guan irrigation. It is the use of low pressure pipelines (buried underground or laid on the ground) to transport irrigation water directly to the field. Commonly used water pipelines are hard plastic or soft plastic tubes. The technology has the characteristics of less investment, water saving, labor saving, land saving and energy saving. Compared with earth canal irrigation, irrigation can save 30%-50%.
3. Micro-irrigation. Micro-irrigation, drip irrigation, irrigation and other micro-pipe irrigation. Pressure irrigation, filtration, irrigation at the roots of the crop through various levels of pipelines and irrigation equipment, micro-irrigation is local irrigation, only wet part of the soil. Suitable for some densely seeded crops. Compared with surface irrigation, micro-irrigation can save 80% to 85%. Combined with micro-irrigation and fertilization, fertilizers can be used to apply soluble fertilizers with water to the root zone of crops, to supplement the water and nutrients needed by crops in a timely manner, and to have a good yield increase effect. Micro-irrigation can be applied to greenhouse cultivation and high-yield and high-efficiency crops.
4. Sprinkler irrigation. The irrigation water is pressurized, and the water is sprayed on the irrigated land by the water nozzle through the pipeline. Sprinkler irrigation is the ideal irrigation method for field crops. Compared with ground water irrigation, sprinkler irrigation can save 50% to 60% of water. However, the pipe used for sprinkler irrigation needs high pressure, large equipment investment, large energy consumption and high cost, and is suitable for use in high-efficiency crops or areas with good economic conditions and high production levels.
5. Irrigate water at critical times. Under conditions of water scarcity, we should choose the crop that is most sensitive to water during the lifetime of the crop and has the greatest impact on yield, such as flower bud differentiation of vegetable cowpea to flowering stage.
(B) Water-saving and drought-resistant cultivation measures
Deep plowing. Soil storage, deep plowing and deep plowing, breaking the plow bottom layer, thickening the living soil layer, increasing water permeability, increasing soil water storage capacity, reducing surface runoff, and saving more and using natural precipitation. According to the determination. For each additional 3 cm of living soil layer, 70-75 cubic meters of water per mu can be added. Thicker living soil layer can also promote the development of crop roots and improve soil water use efficiency.
2. Select drought-resistant varieties. Peanuts and other crops known as camel crops have strong drought resistance, and they should be appropriately expanded in dry and dry areas. There are also significant differences in drought resistance among different varieties of the same crop.
3. Increase organic fertilizer. It can reduce the amount of water produced per unit of production. Applying sufficient organic fertilizer on the dry land can reduce water use by 50% to 60%. In fields where organic fertilizer is insufficient, the straw returning technology should be vigorously promoted to improve the drought resistance of the soil. Rational application of chemical fertilizers is also an effective measure to increase soil water use efficiency.
4. Drought protection. Use cultivators and repressors to conserve soil moisture.
5. Cover security. One is film coverage. The second is straw coverage. The crop stalks will be crushed and evenly spread between the rows of crops or fruit trees to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture and increase soil water storage capacity.
(C) shading cooling drought and seedlings
For example, in 2003, the city’s continuous high temperature, the highest standard temperature of 42 °C, the surface temperature of up to 70 °C above, many crops, especially in the seedling stage of the seedlings, tea, fruit seedlings, cooling through shading drought seedling protection is a very effective means.
(D) Chemical regulation of drought prevention measures
1. Water retaining agent. The main ingredient is a polyacrylate polymer that absorbs moisture several hundred times to thousands of times its own weight in a short period of time. The water retaining agent is used as a seed coating, seedling roots, or furrows, acupoints, or Ground spraying and other methods are applied directly to the soil, just as a small reservoir is built on the seeds and the roots of the crops to absorb the moisture in the soil and air, and the rainwater can be stored in the soil. When drought occurs, the water it retains can be slowly released for seed germination and crop growth. For example, in the Shibu County Provincial Agricultural Hi-tech Park in Lishui City, a soil of a tea plantation in which the soil was a sand soil and Longjing tea was used, the technical staff of the Lishui City Bureau of Agriculture selected the polyacrylic acid salt water-retaining agent produced by Tangshan Boya. In the year of drought and seedling maintenance, obvious results were achieved.
2. Drought agent. Is an anti-transpiration agent, foliar spray, can effectively control the opening degree of stomatal, reduce leaf transpiration, effectively resist seasonal drought and hot wind hazards, spraying 1 can be effective 10-15 days. It can also be used as seed dressing, soaking, root irrigating and rooting, etc., to increase the germination rate of the seed, to raise the seedlings and tidy, to promote the development of the root system, to shorten the seedling-reducing period of transplanting crops, and to increase the survival rate.
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