Chinese squid (local names Hong Kong eel, Chinese eel, Taiwan lock pipe, drag squid, long-tube mound) is the world's most important economic species in the squid, accounting for about 60% of the world's total production of squid. The annual output of Chinese squid in Thailand is about 40,000 tons; in the Philippines, it is about 20,000 tons; China ranks third, about 15,000 tons; followed by Vietnam, about 10,000 tons; in Indonesia, 6,000 tons. . The Chinese squid fishing industry plays an important role in marine fisheries. In addition to a small amount of freshly-sold Chinese squid, the main dried squid has been sold to dried squid with a dry rate of about 10% to 12%. Chinese squid meat is sweet and tender, and has an excellent texture. It is listed as a top quality product at home and abroad.
First, the morphological characteristics Chinese calamus is conical in the zygomatic part, the back is slightly straight, the maggot is about 7 times the width of the lice. The body surface has white and round pigment spots. Its meat fins are very long, about 2/3 of their length, and the two fins are longitudinally diamond-shaped. The Chinese calamari has no handle, the length of the wrist is slightly different, and the sucker is two lines. The ear and the sucker of the wrist are 4 rows, the middle two rows are large, and the edges, the top and the base are small. The inner shell is horny, lanceolate, and slightly pointed at the back, with a thick central axis, thin ribs, and fine veins. Chinese squid on both sides of the rectum, each with a spindle-shaped lighter.
Second, geographical distribution Chinese squid is mainly distributed in the South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Malaysia, Queensland Australia. The distribution boundary of Chinese squid is about 25N. The distribution of the eastern boundary is about the northern tip of Taiwan Island, which means that it does not generally cross the Taiwan Strait.
Third, biological characteristics
1. Breeding Chinese calamuses are sexually mature for one year. Due to the different breeding seasons, the species are generally divided into the spring group, the Xiasheng group and the Qiusheng group. In the coastal areas of Guangdong, China, the largest population of summer populations is, and the spawning period is also longer. After the vernal equinox, warm currents gradually increase, and individuals swimming in deep water areas migrate to shallow seas for breeding. Especially after the beginning of summer, warm currents and water potentials increase rapidly, and water temperature rises faster, resulting in larger population breeding activities. The sex ratio of breeding groups varies with time and space. From the observation of Taiwan shallows in China, males are slightly more than females.
The Chinese squid's eggs mature in batches and produce in batches. Most of the spawning starts about one month after mating, and the spawning period lasts longer. Usually there are two spawning peaks. During the spawning period, the Chinese calamari still has mating behavior. The egg is slightly oval, coated with a white plastic film, and its major diameter is about 6 mm to 7 mm. It is wrapped in a rod-shaped glial egg sheath. The length of the egg sheath is 200 mm to 250 mm. Each egg sheath contains 160 eggs. ~200. More than 20 bundles of oocysts are usually attached to each other and laid on the sea floor in patches. They are cloud-like, commonly known as "egg clouds." Shortly after the Chinese squid was breeding, the male and female corps died one after another, and the horny shells piled up on the bottom of the sea, becoming a clear sign of the "cemetery" of the Chinese calamari.
2. Development of Chinese squid eggs hatch in the ovum sheath, approximately spherical, egg diameter of 1 mm 1.2 mm, with the eggs continue to absorb water, after the egg diameter increased to 6.8 mm 5.4 mm, slightly oval, Shen, transparent Color, thin egg membrane. After about 10 hours, they began to divide and hatch. The yolk-rich egg is protected by the egg membrane and egg sheath, and the hatching rate is very high, generally up to 70% to 80% or even higher. Before hatching, the juvenile often touches the egg membrane at the end of the ankle. After the rupture of the egg membrane, the egg sheath membrane ruptures and the posterior end of the ankle first emerges from the egg membrane. Most Chinese hatchling eggs hatch at night, especially the following midnight to early morning. Water temperature has a significant effect on egg hatching time.
The hatched juveniles are approximately 3 mm to 4 mm in length, and the internal organs of the juveniles have been relatively complete at 68 hours after hatching. Shortly after hatching, Chinese juniper juveniles have water-jet propulsion capabilities, are free to move freely in the water, and have the ability to prey on their wrists. Chinese calamari juveniles are quiet during the day, and even under the water, they have phototaxis, but they are afraid of strong light. Under strong light, they migrate to the backlight and are stimulated to inject ink. In natural waters, newly hatched juveniles and squid squids mostly inhabit more than 10 meters of deep water and are concentrated near rocky reefs on the edge of the island.
3. Growth of Chinese calamari from juvenile to young age, the growth rate is slow, about a month long growth of about 20 mm, length 25 mm to 50 mm. The growth rate is faster in the later years of childbirth. The length of a month is 25 mm to 59 mm, and the length is 130 mm to 170 mm. In the environment with high water temperature and abundant feed, the growth rate is accelerated. After 5 months of incubation, the pupa is about 300 millimeters long, and the average pupa length per month is about 60 millimeters.
4. Ingestion of Chinese cyprinoid juveniles and small crustaceans such as predation of amphetamines and clams during the juvenile period. At the stage of adulthood, it mainly eats blue round ginseng, sardine, krill, eagle claw shrimp and hairy shrimp, etc. It also preys on sea bream, dog motherfish, shrimp prawn and swimming crab. During the growth phase of Chinese calamari, the food intensity is high and the stomach contents are abundant. In the reproductive stage, the intensity of ingestion is low, especially in the prosperous period. The rate of empty stomach is high, sometimes up to 50%. The habit of similar squid squid in China is obvious, and the same kinds of broken wrists and remnants can often be found in stomach contents.
5. Relationship with environmental conditions (1) Water temperature China's calamus enjoys warm water, high temperature, and clusters appear in high-temperature months during reproduction. High yield and high temperature are closely related. The average value of fishery in the fishing grounds of Nanji Island, Guangdong, China from July to August was the highest. At that time, the bottom water temperature range was 20.95°C to 21.40°C and 21.85°C to 24.01°C, respectively. However, there are differences in the optimum temperature for different breeding groups. For example, the water temperature at the surface of the spring spawning group is 22°C to 26°C, and the surface water temperature at the spawning ground of the spring group is 25°C to 28°C.
(2) Salinity Chinese squid obviously adapts to high salt water, and the salinity requirement is 32 to 34.6 in general life stages, and the salinity requirement is 33.5 to 34.5 in spawning. In July to August, the average catch of the fishery in Nanji Island, Guangdong Province, China was 34.57-34.61 and 34.37-34.53, respectively. When the runoff of rivers increases, the surface low-saline water becomes stronger, and Chinese squid populations are more submarine and the population is also sparsely populated.
(3) Depth of water Chinese squid is equivalent to swimming from shallow water to shallow water when it comes to a fishery, and it is equivalent to diving from shallow water to deepwater when leaving a fishery. Under natural conditions, there is a population distribution of Chinese calamari at depths of 5 to 80 meters. When the seawater system is strong, Chinese squid dwell lightly, about 20 meters to 30 meters, commonly known as "inside the ocean"; when the coastal water system is strong, it dwells deeper, about 40 meters to 50 meters, commonly known as "outside the ocean." The Chinese squid not only has some differences in the water depths of activity on different fishing grounds, but also has a variation in the depth range of Chinese squid distribution in local fisheries as prey and evasion. In the Queensland waters of Australia, Chinese squid can reach a depth of 300 meters.
(4) Substrate China's squid habitat is mostly made of rock, reefs, coarse sand, and gravel. The bottom of the seabed is also uneven. Between the rocks around the reef, seaweed grows, and Chinese spawning squid spawning sites are often located on a flat hard sand land in the middle of a rocky reef, or on the edge of a large reef.
(5) The wind “Southeast and Northwest, Carp inside corner†is Fujian Fishermen. It is said that the southeast wind has the dual effect of warming and driving the squid into shallow water. If the northwest wind is then scraped and the herd is prevented from moving forward, the herd is closer to the inner corner and the fishing ground is inward.
(6) Flowing Fujian There is also a fishing boat on the flock of the flock that is “the spring and the south, the eel on the reef.†It is said that at this time the stream and waves are relatively large, so that the magpies are transferred to the leeward region of the island or the reef.
(7) Red tide Due to the intensive propagation of dinoflagellates, or the formation of red tides by the accumulation of other plankton, it consumes a large amount of oxygen in seawater or decomposes toxins, causing them to disperse outward or sink.
IV. Fisheries and Oysters There are six main fishing grounds for Chinese calamari:
1. Offshore fisheries in Guangxi, Guangdong, southwestern Taiwan, and southern Fujian include fishing grounds in the northern part of the Beibu Gulf mainly in spring and autumn; fisheries around Hainan Island, fishing grounds on the Lamma Island, fisheries in the Penghu Islands, and fishing grounds in the southern Fujian, mainly in summer and autumn. .
2. The fishing grounds in the southern part of Beibu Gulf are mainly harvested in autumn.
3. The Gulf of Thailand fishing grounds are mainly trawling and have a fishing period of two years.
4. The fishing grounds in the central part of the Philippine Islands include shallow-sea fisheries between the coasts of the Visayas, the Samar Sea, the Bohol Straits, the Guimaras Strait, and the Gulf of Sarandja. They can be harvested on the anniversary or in spring, summer and autumn.
5. The Arafura Sea fishery is a newly developed fishery.
6. Queensland Fisheries in Eastern Australia is a newly developed fishery.
First, the morphological characteristics Chinese calamus is conical in the zygomatic part, the back is slightly straight, the maggot is about 7 times the width of the lice. The body surface has white and round pigment spots. Its meat fins are very long, about 2/3 of their length, and the two fins are longitudinally diamond-shaped. The Chinese calamari has no handle, the length of the wrist is slightly different, and the sucker is two lines. The ear and the sucker of the wrist are 4 rows, the middle two rows are large, and the edges, the top and the base are small. The inner shell is horny, lanceolate, and slightly pointed at the back, with a thick central axis, thin ribs, and fine veins. Chinese squid on both sides of the rectum, each with a spindle-shaped lighter.
Second, geographical distribution Chinese squid is mainly distributed in the South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Malaysia, Queensland Australia. The distribution boundary of Chinese squid is about 25N. The distribution of the eastern boundary is about the northern tip of Taiwan Island, which means that it does not generally cross the Taiwan Strait.
Third, biological characteristics
1. Breeding Chinese calamuses are sexually mature for one year. Due to the different breeding seasons, the species are generally divided into the spring group, the Xiasheng group and the Qiusheng group. In the coastal areas of Guangdong, China, the largest population of summer populations is, and the spawning period is also longer. After the vernal equinox, warm currents gradually increase, and individuals swimming in deep water areas migrate to shallow seas for breeding. Especially after the beginning of summer, warm currents and water potentials increase rapidly, and water temperature rises faster, resulting in larger population breeding activities. The sex ratio of breeding groups varies with time and space. From the observation of Taiwan shallows in China, males are slightly more than females.
The Chinese squid's eggs mature in batches and produce in batches. Most of the spawning starts about one month after mating, and the spawning period lasts longer. Usually there are two spawning peaks. During the spawning period, the Chinese calamari still has mating behavior. The egg is slightly oval, coated with a white plastic film, and its major diameter is about 6 mm to 7 mm. It is wrapped in a rod-shaped glial egg sheath. The length of the egg sheath is 200 mm to 250 mm. Each egg sheath contains 160 eggs. ~200. More than 20 bundles of oocysts are usually attached to each other and laid on the sea floor in patches. They are cloud-like, commonly known as "egg clouds." Shortly after the Chinese squid was breeding, the male and female corps died one after another, and the horny shells piled up on the bottom of the sea, becoming a clear sign of the "cemetery" of the Chinese calamari.
2. Development of Chinese squid eggs hatch in the ovum sheath, approximately spherical, egg diameter of 1 mm 1.2 mm, with the eggs continue to absorb water, after the egg diameter increased to 6.8 mm 5.4 mm, slightly oval, Shen, transparent Color, thin egg membrane. After about 10 hours, they began to divide and hatch. The yolk-rich egg is protected by the egg membrane and egg sheath, and the hatching rate is very high, generally up to 70% to 80% or even higher. Before hatching, the juvenile often touches the egg membrane at the end of the ankle. After the rupture of the egg membrane, the egg sheath membrane ruptures and the posterior end of the ankle first emerges from the egg membrane. Most Chinese hatchling eggs hatch at night, especially the following midnight to early morning. Water temperature has a significant effect on egg hatching time.
The hatched juveniles are approximately 3 mm to 4 mm in length, and the internal organs of the juveniles have been relatively complete at 68 hours after hatching. Shortly after hatching, Chinese juniper juveniles have water-jet propulsion capabilities, are free to move freely in the water, and have the ability to prey on their wrists. Chinese calamari juveniles are quiet during the day, and even under the water, they have phototaxis, but they are afraid of strong light. Under strong light, they migrate to the backlight and are stimulated to inject ink. In natural waters, newly hatched juveniles and squid squids mostly inhabit more than 10 meters of deep water and are concentrated near rocky reefs on the edge of the island.
3. Growth of Chinese calamari from juvenile to young age, the growth rate is slow, about a month long growth of about 20 mm, length 25 mm to 50 mm. The growth rate is faster in the later years of childbirth. The length of a month is 25 mm to 59 mm, and the length is 130 mm to 170 mm. In the environment with high water temperature and abundant feed, the growth rate is accelerated. After 5 months of incubation, the pupa is about 300 millimeters long, and the average pupa length per month is about 60 millimeters.
4. Ingestion of Chinese cyprinoid juveniles and small crustaceans such as predation of amphetamines and clams during the juvenile period. At the stage of adulthood, it mainly eats blue round ginseng, sardine, krill, eagle claw shrimp and hairy shrimp, etc. It also preys on sea bream, dog motherfish, shrimp prawn and swimming crab. During the growth phase of Chinese calamari, the food intensity is high and the stomach contents are abundant. In the reproductive stage, the intensity of ingestion is low, especially in the prosperous period. The rate of empty stomach is high, sometimes up to 50%. The habit of similar squid squid in China is obvious, and the same kinds of broken wrists and remnants can often be found in stomach contents.
5. Relationship with environmental conditions (1) Water temperature China's calamus enjoys warm water, high temperature, and clusters appear in high-temperature months during reproduction. High yield and high temperature are closely related. The average value of fishery in the fishing grounds of Nanji Island, Guangdong, China from July to August was the highest. At that time, the bottom water temperature range was 20.95°C to 21.40°C and 21.85°C to 24.01°C, respectively. However, there are differences in the optimum temperature for different breeding groups. For example, the water temperature at the surface of the spring spawning group is 22°C to 26°C, and the surface water temperature at the spawning ground of the spring group is 25°C to 28°C.
(2) Salinity Chinese squid obviously adapts to high salt water, and the salinity requirement is 32 to 34.6 in general life stages, and the salinity requirement is 33.5 to 34.5 in spawning. In July to August, the average catch of the fishery in Nanji Island, Guangdong Province, China was 34.57-34.61 and 34.37-34.53, respectively. When the runoff of rivers increases, the surface low-saline water becomes stronger, and Chinese squid populations are more submarine and the population is also sparsely populated.
(3) Depth of water Chinese squid is equivalent to swimming from shallow water to shallow water when it comes to a fishery, and it is equivalent to diving from shallow water to deepwater when leaving a fishery. Under natural conditions, there is a population distribution of Chinese calamari at depths of 5 to 80 meters. When the seawater system is strong, Chinese squid dwell lightly, about 20 meters to 30 meters, commonly known as "inside the ocean"; when the coastal water system is strong, it dwells deeper, about 40 meters to 50 meters, commonly known as "outside the ocean." The Chinese squid not only has some differences in the water depths of activity on different fishing grounds, but also has a variation in the depth range of Chinese squid distribution in local fisheries as prey and evasion. In the Queensland waters of Australia, Chinese squid can reach a depth of 300 meters.
(4) Substrate China's squid habitat is mostly made of rock, reefs, coarse sand, and gravel. The bottom of the seabed is also uneven. Between the rocks around the reef, seaweed grows, and Chinese spawning squid spawning sites are often located on a flat hard sand land in the middle of a rocky reef, or on the edge of a large reef.
(5) The wind “Southeast and Northwest, Carp inside corner†is Fujian Fishermen. It is said that the southeast wind has the dual effect of warming and driving the squid into shallow water. If the northwest wind is then scraped and the herd is prevented from moving forward, the herd is closer to the inner corner and the fishing ground is inward.
(6) Flowing Fujian There is also a fishing boat on the flock of the flock that is “the spring and the south, the eel on the reef.†It is said that at this time the stream and waves are relatively large, so that the magpies are transferred to the leeward region of the island or the reef.
(7) Red tide Due to the intensive propagation of dinoflagellates, or the formation of red tides by the accumulation of other plankton, it consumes a large amount of oxygen in seawater or decomposes toxins, causing them to disperse outward or sink.
IV. Fisheries and Oysters There are six main fishing grounds for Chinese calamari:
1. Offshore fisheries in Guangxi, Guangdong, southwestern Taiwan, and southern Fujian include fishing grounds in the northern part of the Beibu Gulf mainly in spring and autumn; fisheries around Hainan Island, fishing grounds on the Lamma Island, fisheries in the Penghu Islands, and fishing grounds in the southern Fujian, mainly in summer and autumn. .
2. The fishing grounds in the southern part of Beibu Gulf are mainly harvested in autumn.
3. The Gulf of Thailand fishing grounds are mainly trawling and have a fishing period of two years.
4. The fishing grounds in the central part of the Philippine Islands include shallow-sea fisheries between the coasts of the Visayas, the Samar Sea, the Bohol Straits, the Guimaras Strait, and the Gulf of Sarandja. They can be harvested on the anniversary or in spring, summer and autumn.
5. The Arafura Sea fishery is a newly developed fishery.
6. Queensland Fisheries in Eastern Australia is a newly developed fishery.
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