Kidney bean rust is a common disease of cowpea and is seriously affected in south-central and southwestern regions. The summer and autumn are hot and rainy, and the disease is easy to spread. In severe cases, the diseased leaves are twisted to death. Rudder bean rust is a single host parasitic rust, and the five stages of life history cause different symptoms on cowpea, resulting in the complexity of bean rust.
1 symptom recognition
1.1 sexual spores and sexual spores stage
Rarely appears, if any, Wuhan may appear in the middle of June in the middle of the spring sowing of cowpea and the lower part of the front of the blade. Leaf lesions mostly round, nearly round, yellowish green, most dimples, and later gradually yellowish-green halo brown spots. The brown part has a diameter of 1.3-4.0 mm, on which small grains (spermatospores) of brownish brown to dark brown are aggregated even smaller than the needle. Finally, the brown part fell off and a perforation was formed. The symptoms of veins, petioles, and vine stems are described below.
1.2 Rust and rust spore stage
Rarely, if any, in the middle or late June, a white or yellow-white “freckle†(immature rust device) appears on the back of the leaves of the native sexual spore, and the mature rust spore chain Wash off the coated roof, a large number of rusty spores together, like yellow-white to yellowish-brown "cashmere" mold. After veins, petioles and vine stems are invaded, the lesions are fusiform or nearly spindle-shaped, with slightly raised, chlorotic water-stained sensations, sometimes with longitudinal fissures on the stems, and brownish brown to black-brown granules. Is born in the center of the disease, its periphery (including the leaf part immediately adjacent to the veins) has white or yellow-white flecks (stains), and yellow to pale yellow-brown "cashmere" (dense rust spores). ).
1.3 Summer spores and summer spores
It is the most important stage of the disease and the important period for determining the prevalence of disease. The main damage to the leaves, vine stems, petioles and pedicels can also be infected. In Wuhan, the uredia spores generally appeared in early June. When the spring plants were budding or early flowering, the mature leaves near the ground began to develop and gradually spread upward. The summer spores are on both sides of the heap, nearly round, with a small white whitish, and gradually gray-brown. After ripening, they break up from the top and disperse red-brown, powdery summer spores. When the conditions are suitable, 1-3 cycles of secondary uredia spores can be formed outside the summer spore heap. The summer spores on the leaves are piled with or without yellow haze; they can also produce light brown spots with dark brown edges. A single spotted round or near-circular shape, with a greenish-yellow water-lost shape, does not break the perforation under natural conditions, and multiple spots are often indefinitely connected; on a pale and yellowish leaf, the uredia spores are green around; Form "Green Island." Among them, the symptoms with yellow halo are the most common. The uredia spores on the stems, petioles, and pedicels are mostly round or short, and they can also be circumscribed by an oblong circle of secondary uredia spores.
1.4 Winter Sporulation and Winter Sporulation
As the plant ages or the weather turns cold, the uredia spores turn into a black teliospore heap that disperses chestnut-brown, powdered teliospores. Spring sowing of kidney bean in Wuhan at the end of June, autumn sowing cowpea can be seen in early September in the winter phosporus heap.
1.5 burden and spores stage
Produced on wintering sickness, no other symptoms.
2 disease conditions and rules
The bean rust pathogen in the southern part of China has a warm area where cowpea grows. There is no obvious overwintering phenomenon. In other areas where cowpea rust occurs, the primary source of infection is mainly the summer spores that come from the south with the monsoon. The summer spores are transmitted through air currents and rain, and invade directly from stomata or epidermis.
The main factor inducing the disease is high temperature and high humidity. The presence of water film is a necessary condition for the germination and invasion of urediospore. The average daily temperature of 24°C, with frequent small to moderate rains, or long periods of rainfall, the disease is easily prevalent. The hilly and mountainous regions have more fog and more dew, and they are often heavier than the plains. Any late-planted cowpeas that are interplanted with cowpeas or closely adjacent to severe disease fields are often affected. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer, low-lying terrain, poor drainage and planted dense, closed field field conditions are also heavy. Disease resistance of cowpea varieties differed significantly. For example, Yuexia No. 2 was highly resistant to disease. The young leaves have strong disease resistance, and the nutrient growth is vigorous at the seedling stage, so the disease performance at the seedling stage is always lighter than that of the adult plants.
3 control methods
3.1 selection of disease-resistant varieties
The resistance of pea cultivars to rust pathogens varies significantly and can be selected by trial production according to production requirements and consumption habits.
3.2 Reasonable Arrangements to Strengthen Field Management
1 Put an end to the use of late-planting cowpeas in early cowpea lands, and a certain distance between late cowpeas and early sowing sick farms to prevent tight adjacency.
2 Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in the early stage.
3 The plant should be densely planted, and the sorghum should be cultivated and cultivated to make clean garden work.
3.3 Chemical control
The beginning of spraying began. The medicament can be used as 15% triadimefon wettable powder 1000-1500 times, or 30% fluconazole 2000 times wettable powder, or 25% propiconazole EC 3000 times, or 50% Versicolor 400 Or 50% sulfur suspension 200 times and other spray, application interval 10-15 days; or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times, or 0.5: 0.5: 100 Bordeaux mixture, or 80% zinc supplementation The wettable powder is sprayed at 500-600 times, etc., at intervals of 7-10 days.
This product is a golden color, crisp inside and outside, crisp and delicious, shaped like a cake of food. It is called "rice cake." The production process is as follows.
1. Select rice: Use high-quality rice and avoid sticky heavy rice.
2. Soaked rice: 24 hours in spring and winter, and 6 hours in summer. It is advisable to smash the rice by hand while scooping it.
3. Refining: grind the rice with a small soya-bean milk machine and add water while grinding. The amount of water is 2 times that of dry rice.
4. Fermentation: 5 kg of rice with 0.5 kg of old leaven, 10-12 hours in winter and 8 hours in summer. Every 5 hours in the fermentation process must be agitated to facilitate uniform fermentation.
5. Roasting: Add the appropriate amount of baking soda to the fermented rice slurry, add 20 grams of butter, 5 grams of flavor, 250 grams of white sugar to 5 kg of rice, and mix well. Pour into mold for 8-10 minutes. When baking, heat evenly.
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