Reproduction management is the key link in dairy production. Dairy cows can only produce milk after mating, pregnancy, and calving. The ideal breeding cycle for dairy cows is to produce one child each year, that is, the interval between the tires is 365 days, minus 60 days of dry milk period, and the number of normal lactation days for a child is 305 days. Cows have a suitable range of 340-390 days for fetal space, 280-330 days for a suitable lactation period, and 60-110 days for appropriate postpartum pregnancy. The short interval between the tires affects the amount of milk produced by the fetus, and the distance between the tires is too long, which affects the final milk production.
Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the reproductive management of dairy cows to increase milk production and economic benefits.
Estrus management
The gestation period of bred cows is generally 6-10 months old, with an average age of 8 months, indicating that the cow has the possibility of reproduction, but it does not necessarily have reproductive ability. Sexual maturation of bred cows refers to the mature period of reproductive physiology, which is generally 8-12 months old, with an average age of 10 months, indicating that cows have reproductive ability, but may not be able to breed. The maturation period of bred cows means that the development of various parts of the body is mature, usually 16-20 months old, with an average age of 18 months, indicating that the cows can be bred. The priming stage, sexual maturity stage, and body maturity stage of bred cows are affected by factors such as the breed of cows, feeding and management conditions, nutritional status, and ambient temperature. The average time for first estrus after adult cow production is 52 days, and 70% for 30-90 days. The first estrus time of dairy cows was related to the calving season and cow uterus health status. The first estrus of postpartum cows in winter and spring was 9 days later than that in summer and autumn, which were 56 days and 48 days respectively. The bred cow with prolonged puberty and the adult cow with delayed first oestrous estrus have to find out the reason, check the feeding and management situation and the internal reproductive organs of the cow.
Estrus identification: cows estrus cycle average 21 days, 18-25 days accounted for more than 80%. The main performance of cow estrus: 1 sexual desire. Sustained standing when other cows climbed, the so-called standing estrus performance while climbing across other cows. 2 sexual excitement. Uneasy, moving around, barking from time to time, loss of appetite, and decreased milk production. 3 The genital discharges mucus. Swelling of the vulva, flushing of the vaginal mucous membranes, flow out of the vulva or strips of transparent mucus. 4 Rectal examination There are mature follicles on the ovary. The vaginal examination of the cervix is ​​flushed and opened, and clear mucus flows out.
The method of estrus identification mainly adopts observation method. 88% of the estrus cows showed estrus symptoms. Among the cows who showed estrous estrus, 60% climbed in the morning, 10% climbed at noon, and 79% climbed in the evening. The rate of estrus examinations in the middle and late observations was 53%, 9%, and 26%, respectively. Obviously, estrus observation is best observed three times a day, mainly in the morning, followed by observation in the evening, and the estrus is mainly in the evening.
Breeding management
The initial breeding of bred cows should be in the early stage of body maturation, that is, 16-18 months of age, but the required body weight should reach 60%-65% of the weight of adult cows, ie 360-390 kg. Early mating will affect the growth and development of the cow and the amount of milk produced by the first child. Late mating will affect the conception rate and increase the cost of feeding. The first breeding time of adult cows should be 60-90 days after delivery. Low-yield cattle may be appropriately advanced. High-yielding cattle may be postponed appropriately, but early or late mating may affect the conception rate.
Several problems that should be paid attention to insemination during estrus
1, insemination time and frequency
The appropriate insemination time is about 12 hours after the beginning of oestrus, or about 12 hours before ovulation. Generally, the morning estrus is controlled in the evening and insemination, the nocturnal estrus at night is insemination, and the evening oestrus is performed the next morning. Instinct within 1-2 times, preferably 1 time, twice intervals of 8-12 hours. There was no difference in insemination rate between insemination and insemination.
2, insemination methods and parts
Artificial insemination generally adopts rectal grasp of insemination, and the insemination site is appropriate for the base of the uterus or uterine horn. Insemination to the base of the uterine horn is slightly higher than that of the uterine horn and can also prevent damage to the uterus.
3, before the inspection
Mainly to check the uterus status and semen quality. Endometritis cows are not inseminated temporarily and should be treated with care. The sperm motility should be 3.5 or more, and the number of effective sperm should not be less than 10 million. In order to ensure the vigor of thawed spermatozoa and before insemination, it is necessary to pay attention to proper thawing and correct preservation of thawed semen. Thaw frozen sperm should be quickly thawed in a 40°C water bath; thawed granules should be thawed by a suitable thawing solution. After thawing, it is best to inseminate immediately. Delayed insemination should be properly preserved. After thawing, freeze-dried granules should be stored at 7-15°C, and frozen thawed with fine tubes should be stored at 0-4°C.
Pregnancy management
1, pregnancy diagnosis
After the cows are mated, it is best to perform three pregnancy diagnoses. The first time a rectal examination is performed 60 to 90 days after mating; the second time a proctectomy method is used 4 to 5 months after the breeding; the abdominal wall is used before the third cessation. Palpation method. Conditions can be 30 to 60 days after mating using ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis and 22-24 days after mating collected milk using radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay for early pregnancy diagnosis, the main purpose is to detect unpregnant cows. Other methods are taken 30 to 60 days after mating cervical mucus and alkali boiling method.
2. Estimation of Pregnancy and Pregnancy of Dairy Cows
Friesian cows have an average period of 280 days during pregnancy, ranging from 255 to 305 days. Young cows have a gestation period that is 3 days shorter than that of a cow, and Huaimuluo is 2 days shorter than Husband's gestational period, and twins are 4 days shorter than pregnant women.
The method for estimating the date of production of dairy cows is: "Month minus 3, plus day 5", that is, the month of pre-production is the month of breeding minus 3, if the month of mating is less than or equal to 3, then add 12 and then subtract 3; the date of pre-production is the date of mating Plus 5, if the date of mating is at the end of the month, the date of the pre-production plus 5 may be pushed to the beginning of the next month.
3, the incidence of abortion, abortion and abortion type of dairy cows
The incidence of abortion of artificial insemination in dairy cows is about 10%, and the incidence of abortion in embryo transfer is about 15%. The causes of miscarriage are classified into infectious abortion and non-infectious abortion. Infectious abortion is a symptom of infectious diseases. Most abortions are non-infectious abortions. The causes of non-infectious abortion are: nutritional abortion; traumatic abortion; toxic abortion; drug-induced abortion; According to the age of abortion and the change of the fetus, abortion can be divided into the following types:
(1) Recessive abortion. Also known as early embryonic death occurs in the early 1-2 months of pregnancy, accounting for 25% of abortions.
(2) Small output. That is, the discharge of unchanged stillbirths occurred in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. This is the most common type of abortion, accounting for 49.8% of abortions.
(3) dry tires. After the fetus died in the uterus, due to the closure of the cervix, fetal water was absorbed and the mummification occurred. Stillbirth occurred in 4-5 months of pregnancy, accounting for 24% of abortions.
(4) Fetal immersion. After the death of the fetus, non-corruption bacteria invade the uterus, and the fetal tissue is dissolved and lost, while the bone is trapped in the uterus. The age of the dead fetus is similar to that of the dry child, accounting for 0.9% of the abortion.
(5) Fetal corruption. After the death of the fetus, spoilage bacteria invade the uterus, decompose the fetus and produce a large amount of gas to increase the fetus to cause dystocia. It is the most dangerous type of miscarriage, and it is rare in clinical practice, accounting for 0.3% of abortions.
Delivery Management
1. Observe the signs of childbirth before delivery, and prepare for delivery
The breasts began to increase from the first 10 days of delivery, and were extremely swollen 2 days before delivery, with reddening of the skin and fullness of the nipples. The labia was swollen and soft 1 week before delivery; cervical mucus was softened and thinned out in a linear manner 1-2 days before delivery; pelvic ligament Softening began 1 week before childbirth, and the cows were disturbed before delivery and continued to lick, loss of appetite, and urination from time to time.
2, pay attention to the production of childbirth
Cows should be allowed to give birth spontaneously as far as possible during childbirth, and the first-born cows, over-sized fetuses, anaesthetized, and after the output period (3-4 hours) can be given midwifery. Difficulties should be dealt with by a veterinarian. Difficulties in childbirth, childbirth, and fetal dystocia are three.
3, pay attention to postpartum care after childbirth
(1) Observe the cow's birth canal for damage bleeding within 3 hours after delivery.
(2) Observe the cow's responsibility within 6 hours after delivery. If you have a strong responsibility, check whether there is any fetus in the womb. And pay attention to the symptoms of uterine prolapse.
(3) Observe the discharge of the placenta in 12 hours after delivery.
(4) Observe the quantity and traits of lochia discharge within 24 hours after delivery, and discharge a large amount of dark red lochia as normal.
(5) Observe the symptoms of production paralysis within 3 days after childbirth.
(6) Observe the lochia exhaustion 7 days after childbirth.
(7) Observe whether the uterine secretions are normal 15 days after birth.
(8) Check the uterine rehabilitation status by rectum approximately 30 days after childbirth.
(9) 40-60 days after childbirth pay attention to observe the first estrus after childbirth.
4. Nursing Care for Newborn Calves
(1) Make sure to breathe. After the yak is born, first remove the mucus in the oral cavity and nasal cavity with a towel or hand. If mucus is too much to hinder breathing, the yak head can be lowered or the yak can be lifted for a few seconds to allow the mucus to flow out. Difficulty in breathing, but also artificially induced breathing, that is, alternately squeeze and relax the chest.
(2) Disinfect the umbilical cord. After cutting the umbilical cord 5–10 cm from the abdominal wall, sterilize it with 5% iodine.
(3) Early feeding of colostrum. 2 kg of colostrum was fed immediately within 30 minutes of birth and 4 times daily.
Bovine Tuberculosis is a chronic zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) classified it as a Category B animal disease, and China has classified it as a Category II animal disease. In order to prevent, control, and purify bovine tuberculosis, this Code is formulated in accordance with the "People's Republic of China Animal Epidemic Prevention Law" and related laws and regulations.
1 Scope of Application This Code specifies the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, epidemic reports, epidemic handling, control measures, control and purification standards. This Code applies to all units and individuals engaged in cattle breeding, management and production and management of cattle products in the territory of the People's Republic of China, as well as those engaged in animal epidemic prevention activities.
2 diagnosis of this disease based on epidemiology, clinical symptoms, pathological changes can make a preliminary diagnosis. The diagnosis needs further pathogen isolation and identification or immunological diagnosis.
2.1 Epidemiological features Cows in this disease are most susceptible, followed by buffaloes, cattle, and yaks. People can also be infected. Tuberculosis cows are the main source of infection. Bovine Mycobacterium tuberculosis is excreted with nose juice, sputum, feces, and milk. Healthy cows can be infected through contaminated air, feed, drinking water, and other routes through the respiratory tract and digestive tract.
2.2 Clinical symptoms: The incubation period is generally 10 to 45 days, some may last for months or years. It is usually chronic. Clinical tuberculosis, breast tuberculosis and intestinal tuberculosis are the most common. Tuberculosis: It is characterized by long-term intractable dry cough, and is most evident in the early morning. Affected animals are prone to fatigue and gradually lose weight. Difficulties can be seen in persons with severe illness. Breast tuberculosis: breast lymph nodes are usually first enlarged, followed by localized or diffuse induration in the posterior mammary area, no heat and pain in the induration, uneven surface. The amount of lactation decreased, the milk became thin, and the breast atrophy was severe and the lactation stopped. Intestinal tuberculosis: weight loss, alternating diarrhea and constipation, feces often with blood or pus.
2.3 pathological changes: The formation of specific white or yellow-white nodules in the lung, breast and gastrointestinal mucosa. The size of the nodules is different. The cut surface is caseous and necrotic or calcified. Sometimes the necrotic tissue dissolves and softens, forming empty holes after discharge. Pleural and pulmonary membranes can occur in dense tuberculosis nodules, shaped like a pearl.
2.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 2.4.1 Isolation and identification of pathogens Samples of lesions, sputum, urine, feces, milk, and other secretions collected from diseased cattle were smeared after being smeared or collected (see appendix) and stained with acid-fast staining. Microscopic examination, and tests for pathogen isolation and animal inoculation. 2.4.2 Immunological test Mycobacterium bovis PPD (purified protein derivative) intradermal allergy test (ie, cattle purified tuberculin intradermal allergy test) (see GB/T 18646). 2.5 Results Judgment All cows with isolated bovine M. tuberculosis or M. tuberculosis PPD intradermal allergy tests were judged to be tuberculosis cows.
3 Epidemic Situation Report 3.1 Any unit or individual that discovers an animal suffering from this disease or suspected of this disease shall report to the local animal epidemic prevention supervision institution in a timely manner. 3.2 After receiving the report of the epidemic situation, the animal epidemic prevention supervision institution shall promptly report it in accordance with the "Administrative Measures on the Reporting of Animal Epidemic Situation" and relevant regulations.
4 Outbreak Management 4.1 After discovering a suspected TB animal, the livestock owner should immediately quarantine it and limit its movement. The local animal epidemic supervision agencies must dispatch personnel to the scene to conduct epidemiological investigations, clinical symptom inspections, pathological anatomy, disease collection, laboratory diagnosis, etc., and take corresponding measures based on the diagnosis results. 4.2 After diagnosis of bovine TB disease, it must be dealt with according to the following requirements: 4.2.1 Cultivating diseased cattle and cattle 4.2.2 Defining the epidemic, epidemic area and the threatened area The epidemic point refers to the building, household or other Related slaughterhouses (spots), business units. The epidemic area refers to the range of farms and natural villages where sick animals are located. Consider the local feeding environment and natural barriers (such as rivers, mountains, etc.) when dividing the epidemic area. The threatened area refers to the range of farms and natural villages adjacent to the affected area. 4.2.3 When isolating and blocking sporadic distribution, livestock breeding and grassland grazing can be used to isolate livestock from livestock. Segregation of grasslands should be kept away from traffic lanes, residential areas or densely populated areas. There should be natural barriers or artificial fences around the site. When a natural village or farm has a positive rate of tuberculosis of more than 3% or more than 10 diseased cattle, the blockade shall be implemented in the affected areas, and the diseased cattle and suspected diseased cattle, susceptible animals and their products shall be prohibited; and the susceptible animals shall be kept in captivity. Or at a designated place to keep the animals in service in the affected area. 4.2.4 Harmless animals treated with sickness and culling shall be treated in a harmless manner in accordance with GB16548-1996 "Regulations for the Harmless Treatment of Meat Carcasses and Products of Livestock and Poultry Diseases". 4.2.5 Urgent monitoring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPD intradermal allergy test The emergency monitoring of all cattle in affected and threatened areas. 4.2.6 Sterilization Strictly sterilize the places, utensils and articles that are contaminated by sick animals and animals. The metal facilities and equipment in the farm can be sterilized by flames, fumigation, etc.; the enclosures, sites, and vehicles in the livestock farm can be sterilized with 2% caustic soda and other effective disinfectants; the feed and litter in the farm can be buried deeply. Fermentation or incineration treatment; feces take a stack of sealed fermentation methods, and other appropriate effective disinfection methods. 4.2.7 The last sick animal and positive animal in the affected area of ​​the blockade was culled. After harmless treatment, no new cases were detected in the affected area for more than 45 days; the polluted places, facilities and equipment were not found. Contaminated other items are completely sterilized. After the local animal epidemic supervision agency has passed the inspection, the blockade agency has released the blockade.
5 Prevention and control adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures that combine monitoring, quarantine, culling and disinfection. 5.1 Monitoring and monitoring targets: The monitoring ratio of cattle is: 100% of cattle and dairy cows, 10% of beef cattle in scale farms, 5% of other cattle, and 100% of suspected cows. If positive cattle are detected in cattle TB cleanup groups (including yak herd), positive cows should be culled in a timely manner. Other cattle are treated as presumed health groups. The adult cattle cleansing group was monitored every year in the spring and autumn seasons by intradermal allergic reaction test of bovine M. tuberculosis PPD. Newborn calves should be monitored for the first time at the age of 20 days. All breeders and cows must be monitored twice each year. Use and fill in the monitoring results report according to the regulations and report it in time. 5.2 Quarantine of Breeding of Breeding Cows and Dairy Cows and cows imported from other places must come from non-epidemic areas. Before calling out, within 30 days prior to shipment, the local animal epidemic prevention supervision institution must carry out quarantine, the quarantine is qualified, and the certificate of validity quarantine is issued before shipment. Breeding cattle and dairy cows must be isolated and observed for more than 45 days, and those who passed the intradermal allergy test of the bovine M. tuberculosis PPD test negative can only be fed in groups. 5.3 The staff of the cattle farm staff should carry out regular health checks every year. Those who have TB disease should be promptly removed from their posts and treated in isolation. Staff’s overalls and utensils must be kept clean and must not be brought out of cattle farms. 5.4 Feeding environment The production area of ​​a cattle farm shall be isolated from the living area. Cats, dogs, pigs, chickens, ducks and other animals shall not be kept in the dairy farm and other animals shall be prohibited from entering. Eradication of rats, flies and other vectors. 5.5 The animal epidemic prevention supervision agency of epidemic prevention supervision shall register and record the dairy farms and breeding cattle farms in the area under its jurisdiction, and establish the archives; the inspection of the disease of tuberculosis and tuberculosis shall be necessary for the issuance of the “animal epidemic prevention certificate†for dairy farms and breeding cattle farms or annual inspection. condition. Fresh milk acquisition points (stations) must purchase fresh milk from dairy farms (households) on the basis of the "Animal Vaccination Certificate." 5.6 Decontamination measures The cattle (field) diagnosed with tuberculosis as a bovine tuberculosis contaminated group (plant) should be fully decontaminated with bovine tuberculosis. 5.6.1 Establishment of bovine tuberculosis decontamination group (field) 5.6.1.1 Treatment of contaminated herds: This group of cattle was repeatedly monitored using the intradermal PPD test of bovine Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPD. Positive cattle are culled in time and treated in accordance with 4 regulations. 5.6.1.2 Assumptions for the treatment of healthy herds: The cattle after the culling of cows and cattle after positive cattle are presumed healthy herds. Repeated monitoring was performed using intradermal allergy test of M. tuberculosis PPD. The interval of 90 days between each monitoring showed that the positive cattle were culled promptly. Calves should be monitored for the first time at the age of 20 days and for the second time at the age of 100 to 120 days. Those who have had negative results for more than two consecutive monitorings can be considered as a cleanup group for bovine tuberculosis. All suspected bovine M. tuberculosis PPD intradermal allergic test responders were retested 30 to 45 days later. The results of the retest were positive and treated as positive cattle. If the response was still suspected, the interval was 30 to 45 days. A retest, the result is still a suspicious responder, treated as positive cattle. 5.6.2 Isolation of suspected tuberculosis of bovine or bovine M. tuberculosis PPD intradermal allergy test Suspicious animals shall be quarantined and retested. Isolating cowsheds are located at the lower outlet and are separated by more than 50 meters from the health cowshed. 5.6.3 Disinfection 5.6.3.1 Temporary disinfection: After the cows have been detected and removed from the cow herd, the cowsheds, utensils and sports grounds shall be treated in emergency according to 4.2.6. 5.6.3.2 Regular disinfection: The cattle farm should conduct 2 to 4 large disinfections each year. The disinfection method is the same as temporary disinfection. 5.6.3.3 Recurrent disinfection: Disinfection tanks shall be provided in the farms and entrances and exits of cattle houses, with built-in effective disinfectants, such as 3 to 5% Suer solution or 20% lime milk. Disinfectant should be replaced regularly to ensure certain efficacy. All utensils in the barn should be regularly disinfected; the maternity ward should be disinfected once a week, and the puerperium should be disinfected before and after the production of the calving cattle.
6 Control and Purification Standards 6.1 County (city, district) purification standards Counties (cities, districts) must have the following three conditions for the purification standards: 6.1.1 Within the county (city, district) for two consecutive years by species of cattle, cows 100 %, beef cattle 10% of the scale field, 5% of other cattle were monitored. The rate of PPD intradermal allergy test of bovine Mycobacterium tuberculosis is less than 0.05%. 6.1.2 The detected positive tuberculosis cows were all culled on the spot and treated harmlessly. 6.2 City (Ground, Alliance) Purification Standards All counties (cities, districts) in the city (region, coalition) will meet the purification standards. 6.3 Provincial (regional and municipal) purification standards All counties (cities, districts) in the province (region, city) have reached the purification standards. 6.4 National Decontamination Standards All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China have met the purification standards.
Attachments: Sample collection methods such as sputum or milk samples are often negative due to the low bacterial count, such as direct smear microscopy. In addition, when cultivating or conducting animal experiments, the growth of the contaminated bacteria is often faster, so that the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis is inhibited. The following concentration methods allow the protein in the test sample to dissolve and kill contaminating bacteria, whereas M. tuberculosis does not die due to a waxy outer membrane and is concentrated. 1 Sulfuric acid digestion method Use 4 to 6% sulfuric acid solution to mix cesium, urine, feces, or lesions in a ratio of 1:5, then set them in a 37°C incubator for 1 to 2 hours, and centrifuge at 3000 to 4000 rp/m. 30 Minutes, the supernatant was discarded and the pellets were smeared, examined, cultured, and inoculated. Sulfuric acid can also be used for digestion and concentration. Neutralization is performed by adding 3% sodium hydroxide to the precipitate. The animal is then microscopically examined, cultured, and inoculated. 2 Sodium Hydroxide Digestion 2.1 Take 40g of sodium hydroxide, 2g of potassium alum, 20mg of bromothymol blue (pre-prepared with 60% alcohol to 0.4% concentration, and add in proportion when applied), 1000mL of distilled water is mixed, ie Sodium digestive juice. 2.2 The four methods of operation 2.2.1 will be detected in sputum, urine, feces or lesions with sodium hydroxide digestion diluted 1:5 ratio after mixing, 37 °C for 2 to 3 hours, and then sterile 5 to 10% hydrochloric acid solution was neutralized, the pH was adjusted to about 6.8 (light greenish yellow at this time), centrifuged at 3000 to 4000 rp/m for 15 to 20 minutes, the supernatant was discarded, and the precipitate was examined by smear microscopy. , cultivating and inoculating animals. 2.2.2 Add an equal amount of 4% sodium hydroxide solution to the material, fully shake 5 to 10 minutes, then centrifuge at 3000 rp/m for 15 to 20 minutes, discard the supernatant, add 1 drop of phenol red indicator to The precipitate was neutralized to light red with 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and then the precipitate was smeared by microscopy, cultured, and inoculated. 2.2.3 Add an equal amount of 1% sodium hydroxide solution to the sputum or small pus, shake well for 15 minutes, then centrifuge at 3000 rp/m for 30 minutes, remove the smears by microscopic examination, culture and inoculate animals. 2.2.4 Digestion and Concentration of Sputum Solution The following gentle treatment methods can also be used: Take 1 mol/L (or 4%) sodium hydroxide solution 50mL, 0.1mol/L sodium citrate 50mL, N-acetyl-L-half Cystine 0.5g, mixed. Take 1 part, add 2 parts of the above solution for 24 to 48 hours, centrifugation at 3000 rp/m for 15 minutes, take the smears of the pellets for examination, culture and inoculate animals. One of the above four methods can be used. 3 Antiform precipitation condensation method Solution A: 12 g of sodium carbonate, 8 g of bleach, and 80 mL of distilled water. Solution B: 15 g of sodium hydroxide and 85 mL of distilled water. When the application, the two liquids are mixed in the same amount, and then diluted with distilled water to make an antibiotic solution of 15 to 20%. The solution must be stored in a brown bottle. Put the sample to be tested into a test tube, add 3 to 4 times the amount of Antifumin solution, shake well and then apply it at 37°C for 1 hour, add 1 to 2 times the amount of sterile distilled water, shake, 3000～4000rp/ After centrifugation for 20-30 minutes, the supernatant was discarded, and the precipitate was added with distilled water to restore the original amount and then centrifuged once again. The pellets were subjected to microscopic examination, culture and inoculation of the animals.
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