Seed inspection is the most direct and effective means of ensuring seed quality, and it is also a crucial link in the process of seed industrialization. With the promulgation and implementation of China’s accession to the WTO and the “Seed Law of the People’s Republic of Chinaâ€, it has brought to the former seed market. Development opportunities have also triggered a more intense market competition. To be invincible in the competition, product quality is fundamental. Therefore, strengthening the inspection of seeds is an important guarantee for ensuring the quality of seeds, promoting trade in seeds, reducing seed quality accidents, and ensuring the safety of agricultural production.
1 The establishment of a sound seed inspection system rules and regulations is a prerequisite for the smooth development of the seed inspection work and is also a guarantee for the implementation of technical regulations. In order to make every technical link of the inspection work rule-based and based on evidence, it is necessary to establish a personnel responsibility system and a sound seed inspection system to standardize and standardize the inspection work; a quality supervision system and a quality leadership team must be established. They are responsible at all levels and are responsible step by step; inspectors must hold certificates to perform regular assessments to ensure the high quality of inspection personnel; seed quality inspection agencies must independently perform their functions and are not subject to administrative intervention by the unit to ensure that the inspection work is fair, clean, scientific, and efficient. .
2 Strict training system The quality of inspection personnel's ideological quality and business level are directly related to the accuracy of the seed quality appraisal results. Comprehensively improve the overall quality of inspectors to achieve the following:
2 1 Improve the ideological quality and work responsibilities of inspection personnel Organizational inspection personnel learn relevant national guidelines, policies and laws and regulations, raise awareness of inspection work, establish ownership, and be responsible for agricultural production, responsible for peasants, and responsible for enterprises. The spirit is devoted to every job.
2 2 Comprehensively improve the level of inspection personnel's own business to carry out multi-level technical training, so that the inspection team can fully grasp and strictly implement the “Farm Seed Inspection Regulations†and the quality management system, complete all quality inspection work in a timely and accurate manner and conscientiously complete the “result reportâ€. single".
3 The use of advanced detection equipment and means to test China's accession to the WTO, seed production and management must take the road of industrialization and internationalization. The existing inspection facilities can no longer meet the needs of new technologies and improvement of inspection facilities cannot be delayed. Inspection equipment and equipment are the hardware facilities for completing the inspection work. It is also an essential material and technical basis for carrying out inspection work and is an important means for ensuring the accuracy of the inspection results. The advanced equipment not only has a scientific test method and accurate results, but also is convenient and quick to use. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish an up-to-date inspection center certified by a provincial or ministerial-level quality inspection organization and equipped with a set of advanced seed testing equipment. In line with international principles, the inspection center gradually equips relevant biotech instruments and equipment to meet the future demand for the inspection of import and export seed quality.
4 layers of checks, all-round multi-angle supervision of production and operation In order to ensure the quality of seeds, quality supervision must be carried out throughout the entire process of production and operation.
4.l Parent Seed Parental seed quality is the source of the entire seed quality. For the parental seed to be used, the source of the parental seed is not allowed to be used. Self-propagation of the parental seed must be true and reliable, in line with the original species quality standards, otherwise it can not be used for production and seed production, to prevent the father of the system of breeding parents to breed.
4.2 Production Process High-quality seeds come from high-quality production processes. High-quality production processes require high-level technical guidance and strict standardized management. Seed inspection personnel must make sure to close loopholes around various production links.
4.2.1 The safe separation zone is the first level of quality assurance. Inspectors should strictly isolate and shut down quality problems in the bud.
4.2.2 The seedling, flowering and harvesting inspections should be done carefully. Establish seed quality field inspection results archives, strictly follow the "Agricultural Crop Inspection Regulations" operation, and record the results of each inspection in detail; identify problems and deal with them in time, and make detailed records of treatment results for future seed classification. Pricing provides the basis.
4.2.3 Take a rigorous sample test during the acquisition period. The seeds of each variety were carefully sampled in batches, and the various technical indicators were carefully examined in-house.
4.3 The inspection work in the sales and sales process of seeds is the last pass of the entire product quality. Only by staying at this level, can the complete circulation of unqualified seeds be eliminated in the market.
4.3.l put a good seed acquisition. The current seed production is based on one household, with different production levels and management conditions, and there are differences in the quality of seed produced. In order to accurately grasp the quality of seeds of each household, before the acquisition, the inspectors sampled each bag by household and tested the quality of the seeds. The test results reached the national standard before the acquisition. At the time of the acquisition, the inspector took another sample. First determine the authenticity of the seed, then divide the two samples, one test the moisture and cleanliness of the seed, and seal the sample (with the signature of the householder); the other conducts the germination test and tests the seed purity. Finally, according to the test results, it will be selected, packed, sealed and stacked in batches.
4.3.2 Sell good seeds. For the seeds to be sold in advance, the grades should be tested in four batches, namely, the degree of clarity, moisture, germination rate, and purity. If the indicators are found to be falling, they should be reported in time, and the unqualified seeds should be sealed in advance. Cooperate with the unit to make a corresponding sales plan to ensure that no inferior seeds do not flow into the market. At the same time, the sale of seed batches was cancelled by the two sides for sample storage, so as to provide a strong legal basis for the occurrence of seed quality disputes. For the seeds transferred to other provinces and cities, the inspection should be divided into seed batches to issue inspection reports, germination tests should be carried out according to the "procedure" sample, and then the samples should be sealed, samples must be taken and registered, and any unqualified seeds must not be sold. Cause unnecessary economic losses.
4.3.3 Put the quality of good inventory seeds off. For unsuccessfully finished seeds, they are coded in the warehouse according to the species, main date of production, and batch, and the scorpion head cards are inserted in units of scorpions. The varieties, origins, production dates, and quantities are indicated on the card. Periodically check the temperature, humidity, pests, diseases, pests and other conditions of the warehouse, and increase the number of inspections when the climate is abnormal. Each retest was carried out according to sampling, sampling, and registration. Germination and moisture testing were performed. The “qualified†or “failed†inspection status mark was inserted on each seed according to the test results. The inspection opinions should be promptly informed to the leaders so that timely measures can be taken to the stock seeds.
5 Intensifying the management of the seed market In recent years, due to the non-standard management of the seed market and the chaos of market operations, the occurrence of counterfeit and inferior seed incidents by pit farmers has often occurred. In cooperation with the seed management department to crack down on counterfeit seeds, purify the seed market, provide objective and impartial inspection results for the illegal and irregularly-operated seeds being investigated and handled, and provide the management staff with appropriate legal measures to provide a strong factual basis, which is the responsibility of the inspection personnel.
1 The establishment of a sound seed inspection system rules and regulations is a prerequisite for the smooth development of the seed inspection work and is also a guarantee for the implementation of technical regulations. In order to make every technical link of the inspection work rule-based and based on evidence, it is necessary to establish a personnel responsibility system and a sound seed inspection system to standardize and standardize the inspection work; a quality supervision system and a quality leadership team must be established. They are responsible at all levels and are responsible step by step; inspectors must hold certificates to perform regular assessments to ensure the high quality of inspection personnel; seed quality inspection agencies must independently perform their functions and are not subject to administrative intervention by the unit to ensure that the inspection work is fair, clean, scientific, and efficient. .
2 Strict training system The quality of inspection personnel's ideological quality and business level are directly related to the accuracy of the seed quality appraisal results. Comprehensively improve the overall quality of inspectors to achieve the following:
2 1 Improve the ideological quality and work responsibilities of inspection personnel Organizational inspection personnel learn relevant national guidelines, policies and laws and regulations, raise awareness of inspection work, establish ownership, and be responsible for agricultural production, responsible for peasants, and responsible for enterprises. The spirit is devoted to every job.
2 2 Comprehensively improve the level of inspection personnel's own business to carry out multi-level technical training, so that the inspection team can fully grasp and strictly implement the “Farm Seed Inspection Regulations†and the quality management system, complete all quality inspection work in a timely and accurate manner and conscientiously complete the “result reportâ€. single".
3 The use of advanced detection equipment and means to test China's accession to the WTO, seed production and management must take the road of industrialization and internationalization. The existing inspection facilities can no longer meet the needs of new technologies and improvement of inspection facilities cannot be delayed. Inspection equipment and equipment are the hardware facilities for completing the inspection work. It is also an essential material and technical basis for carrying out inspection work and is an important means for ensuring the accuracy of the inspection results. The advanced equipment not only has a scientific test method and accurate results, but also is convenient and quick to use. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish an up-to-date inspection center certified by a provincial or ministerial-level quality inspection organization and equipped with a set of advanced seed testing equipment. In line with international principles, the inspection center gradually equips relevant biotech instruments and equipment to meet the future demand for the inspection of import and export seed quality.
4 layers of checks, all-round multi-angle supervision of production and operation In order to ensure the quality of seeds, quality supervision must be carried out throughout the entire process of production and operation.
4.l Parent Seed Parental seed quality is the source of the entire seed quality. For the parental seed to be used, the source of the parental seed is not allowed to be used. Self-propagation of the parental seed must be true and reliable, in line with the original species quality standards, otherwise it can not be used for production and seed production, to prevent the father of the system of breeding parents to breed.
4.2 Production Process High-quality seeds come from high-quality production processes. High-quality production processes require high-level technical guidance and strict standardized management. Seed inspection personnel must make sure to close loopholes around various production links.
4.2.1 The safe separation zone is the first level of quality assurance. Inspectors should strictly isolate and shut down quality problems in the bud.
4.2.2 The seedling, flowering and harvesting inspections should be done carefully. Establish seed quality field inspection results archives, strictly follow the "Agricultural Crop Inspection Regulations" operation, and record the results of each inspection in detail; identify problems and deal with them in time, and make detailed records of treatment results for future seed classification. Pricing provides the basis.
4.2.3 Take a rigorous sample test during the acquisition period. The seeds of each variety were carefully sampled in batches, and the various technical indicators were carefully examined in-house.
4.3 The inspection work in the sales and sales process of seeds is the last pass of the entire product quality. Only by staying at this level, can the complete circulation of unqualified seeds be eliminated in the market.
4.3.l put a good seed acquisition. The current seed production is based on one household, with different production levels and management conditions, and there are differences in the quality of seed produced. In order to accurately grasp the quality of seeds of each household, before the acquisition, the inspectors sampled each bag by household and tested the quality of the seeds. The test results reached the national standard before the acquisition. At the time of the acquisition, the inspector took another sample. First determine the authenticity of the seed, then divide the two samples, one test the moisture and cleanliness of the seed, and seal the sample (with the signature of the householder); the other conducts the germination test and tests the seed purity. Finally, according to the test results, it will be selected, packed, sealed and stacked in batches.
4.3.2 Sell good seeds. For the seeds to be sold in advance, the grades should be tested in four batches, namely, the degree of clarity, moisture, germination rate, and purity. If the indicators are found to be falling, they should be reported in time, and the unqualified seeds should be sealed in advance. Cooperate with the unit to make a corresponding sales plan to ensure that no inferior seeds do not flow into the market. At the same time, the sale of seed batches was cancelled by the two sides for sample storage, so as to provide a strong legal basis for the occurrence of seed quality disputes. For the seeds transferred to other provinces and cities, the inspection should be divided into seed batches to issue inspection reports, germination tests should be carried out according to the "procedure" sample, and then the samples should be sealed, samples must be taken and registered, and any unqualified seeds must not be sold. Cause unnecessary economic losses.
4.3.3 Put the quality of good inventory seeds off. For unsuccessfully finished seeds, they are coded in the warehouse according to the species, main date of production, and batch, and the scorpion head cards are inserted in units of scorpions. The varieties, origins, production dates, and quantities are indicated on the card. Periodically check the temperature, humidity, pests, diseases, pests and other conditions of the warehouse, and increase the number of inspections when the climate is abnormal. Each retest was carried out according to sampling, sampling, and registration. Germination and moisture testing were performed. The “qualified†or “failed†inspection status mark was inserted on each seed according to the test results. The inspection opinions should be promptly informed to the leaders so that timely measures can be taken to the stock seeds.
5 Intensifying the management of the seed market In recent years, due to the non-standard management of the seed market and the chaos of market operations, the occurrence of counterfeit and inferior seed incidents by pit farmers has often occurred. In cooperation with the seed management department to crack down on counterfeit seeds, purify the seed market, provide objective and impartial inspection results for the illegal and irregularly-operated seeds being investigated and handled, and provide the management staff with appropriate legal measures to provide a strong factual basis, which is the responsibility of the inspection personnel.
A microtome (from the Greek mikros, meaning "small", and temnein, meaning "to cut") is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections. Important in science, microtomes are used in microscopy, allowing for the preparation of samples for observation under transmitted light or electron radiation.
Microtomes use steel, glass, or diamond blades depending upon the specimen being sliced and the desired thickness of the sections being cut. Steel blades are used to prepare sections of animal or plant tissues for light microscopy histology. Glass knives are used to slice sections for light microscopy and to slice very thin sections for electron microscopy. Industrial grade diamond knives are used to slice hard materials such as bone, teeth and plant matter for both light microscopy and for electron microscopy. Gem quality diamond knives are used for slicing thin sections for electron microscopy.
Microtomy is a method for the preparation of thin sections for materials such as bones, minerals and teeth, and an alternative to electropolishing and ion milling. Microtome sections can be made thin enough to section a human hair across its breadth, with section thickness between 50 nm and 100 µm.
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