Now that we have entered an important period of watermelon cultivation in the new year, we hope to report the technical information on these watermelons, which will enrich your cultivation knowledge and serve your annual watermelon production.
Nutrient deficiencies: Elemental lack of hazards Multiple growth obstructed and susceptible to illness
Like any other crop, watermelons also need to absorb large and diverse nutrients during their growth and development. The physiological disease caused by the lack of a certain kind of nutrient elements in watermelon is known as deficiency or deficiency of nutrients. Let us start with the various elements that relate to the growth of watermelons, and from a basic point of view, look at the role played by various elements that affect the quality and yield of watermelons.
Nitrogen deficiency
Watermelon is sensitive to nitrogen; a watermelon absorbs an average of 10.118 grams of nitrogen throughout its lifetime. In the absence of nitrogen, the plants grew slowly, the stems and leaves were weak, the lower leaves were green and faded, the shoots were shortened between the internodes, the young melons grew slowly, the fruit was small, and the yield was low. Remedial measures: First, 10-15 kilograms of urea per acre (usually nitrogen deficiency at seedling stage, about 20 grams per plant; nitrogen deficiency during extension period, 9-15 kilograms per acre); nitrogen deficiency during fruiting period, 15 kilograms per acre (Left and right) or 400 to 500 kg per mu of excrement and urine (water pouring; the second is 0.3% to 0.5% urea solution (minimum seedling period, take the fruit before and after the upper limit) foliar spray.
Phosphorus deficiency
A watermelon absorbed 3.65 grams of phosphorus on average. Phosphorus promoted the growth of watermelon roots, enhanced the ability of roots to absorb water and fertilizers, increased the resistance of plants, and also improved the quality of fruits and the fullness of seeds. In the absence of P, the root development is poor, the plants are small, the back of the leaves is purple, flower bud differentiation is affected, the flowering is late, the ripening is late, and it is easy to drop flowers and “melonizeâ€. The yellow fibers and lump often appear in the flesh, and the sweetness declines. Not full. Remedial measures: First, use 15 to 30 kilograms of superphosphate per acre to pursue ditching; Second, use 0.4% to 0.5% of superphosphate soakage to foliar spray.
Potassium deficiency
One watermelon absorbed 12.39 grams of potassium per day, 1.2 times and 3.4 times of ammonia and phosphorus, respectively. In the absence of potassium, the resistance of the plants decreased, the tissue of the transporter weakened, and the synthesis and transport of nutrients were hindered, which in turn affected the sugar in the fruits. The accumulation of the watermelon yield and quality are significantly reduced. The specific performance is as follows: the plants grow slowly, the vines are thin, the leaf surface is wrinkled, the edges of the old leaves turn brown and die, and gradually expand inwards. In severe cases, it will develop toward the heart, turning it into light green, even leaf margins. There was also a scorching appearance; the fruit setting rate was very low, the melons that had been sitting were small, and the amount of sugar was not high. Remedial measures: First, use 5 to 10 kg of potassium sulfate per mu (for potassium deficiency at seedling stage, 3 to 5 kg per mu; 8 to 10 kg per mu after extending vines) or 30 to 60 kg of vegetation ash to bury the land; With 0.4% ~ 0.5% potassium sulfate solution foliar spray.
Calcium deficiency
When the watermelon lacks calcium, the leaf margins are yellow and dry, and the leaves are curled to the outside. They are parachute-like. The top part of the plant becomes brown and necrotic, and the vines stop growing. In addition, when the flower buds differentiate, the calcium entering the ovary is insufficient and the fruit deformity is easily caused. Remedial measures: 1 increase the gypsum powder or calcium-containing fertilizers, such as superphosphate; 2 with 0.2% ~ 0.4% calcium chloride solution foliar spray; 3 field grass cover. Keep the soil moist, prevent watermelon from drought, and promote plant absorption of calcium.
Magnesium deficiency
When the watermelon lacks magnesium, the veins near the main vein of the leaf are yellowed first, and then gradually expand upwards, turning the whole leaf yellow. Since the magnesium is very mobile in the plant, when the watermelon is deficient in magnesium, it generally starts from the lower leaf. The symptoms of yellowing gradually develop toward the upper leaves. Prevention and remedial measures: First, Mushi 3.5 to 7 kg of boron and magnesium fertilizer as the base fertilizer; Second, the discovery of magnesium deficiency, timely spraying with 0.1% magnesium sulfate solution.
Boron deficiency
When the watermelon lacks boron, the new vines become shorter, the vine shoots upright, the new leaves become smaller, the foliage is uneven, and there are uneven patches of leaves and leaves. Sometimes it is diagnosed as a viral disease, which is caused by lack of symptomatic treatment. The new vines of the boron-deficient plants had transverse cracks, which were brittle and brittle, and the fractures were brown. When they were severe, the growth ceased and the results were not normal. Sometimes, red-brown creamy discharges appeared on the vine shoots. Preventive and remedial measures: First, 0.5 to 1 kg of borax per acre (combined with appropriate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer) as base fertilizer for site preparation; second, boron deficiency, and 0.1% to 0.2% borax solution in time Spraying.
Manganese deficiency
In the absence of manganese, the yellow veins between the young leaves are still green and the main veins are still green. In the absence of heavy manganese, there is a tendency to develop from the leaf margin to the midrib, causing the main vein to turn yellow. In the long-term, the manganese deficiency will cause the entire leaf to turn yellow and gradually spread to the old leaf in the middle to make its veins. Yellowing. In addition, in the absence of manganese, seed development is not complete, and it is easy to form deformed fruit. Prevention and remedial measures: First, when the site preparation, Mushi 1 ~ 4 kg of manganese sulfate as the base fertilizer; Second, when sowing, with 0.05% ~ 0.1% manganese sulfate solution soaked for 12 hours, or mix 4 ~ 8 per kilogram of melon seeds Manganese sulphate was used as seed fertilizer; thirdly, manganese deficiency was found and foliar spraying with 0.05% to 0.1% manganese sulphate solution was used in time.
The normal watermelon is mostly round or oval, but when the growth and development of the fruit is hindered, various types of malformed melons are often formed; after the watermelon is deformed, the character of the commodity is deteriorated, and the quality of the fruit is degraded and even unbearable. Consumption directly affects the economic benefits of watermelon production.
Cause of formation
First, poor fertilization. According to studies, seeds in watermelon fruits can produce auxin and stimulate fruit development. Melon seed development well and more parts, the development of pulp is good; the other hand, the poor development of pulp. If the flowering encounters low temperatures, rainfall, or less pollinating insects, incomplete fertilization can easily lead to fruit deformities.
Second, climatic conditions, especially temperature conditions are not suitable. According to the research, the development of watermelon fruit is mainly in the longitudinal growth in the early stage, and it depends on the lateral development to complete a certain fruit shape and size in the later period. For early ripening watermelons, the early period due to low outside temperature, the longitudinal growth is slow, and in the late fruit growth, the outside temperature rises, the lateral growth is relatively accelerated, and finally developed into a melon of horizontal diameter is significantly larger than the longitudinal diameter.
The third is improper cultivation and management. On the one side of the land where the fruit lands, the sun is not bright, and the melon skin is yellow-white. The development of the melon pods is also poor. If the fruit is not turned over in time, it is prone to malformation. In the early stages of fruit development, a severe drought is encountered, the plant growth is weak, and the fruit enlargement is nearly stopped. The later conditions are suitable, especially when the soil conditions are suitable, the fruit will continue to develop and grow faster. In this case, it is easy to form a small, large gourd shape melon.
The fourth is mechanical damage. During the growth and development of fruit, pests or mechanical damage are encountered. The damaged parts tend to grow slowly and make the watermelon deformed. In addition, when the flower buds are differentiated, the calcium entry into the ovary is insufficient, and it is also prone to malformation.
Precaution
1 Artificially assisted pollination. When pollinating artificially, the pollen sprinkled on the stigma should be uniform and the second should be sufficient to ensure complete pollination.
2 appropriate to improve the part of melon. According to the survey, the fruit formed by the first female flower of watermelon is not correct. For this reason, in production, the second and third female flowers sitting on the main vine, which is about 1 meter away from the main root, are generally reserved.
3 After the young melons sit on the pad, the melons will be patted flat on the soil below the young melons, making a slope-shaped platform and placing the young melons on the slopes. As the young larvae grow, the slopes increase gradually.
4 Timely melon and gourd. After the fruit is "set" (ie, the size is basically stereotyped), it will be turned every 3 to 5 days, each time turning about 1/3. When the fruit grows to 78, the melon will be erected (called "Vertical melon"). Flour melon and vertical melon can make the fruit development round, uniform skin color, thereby increasing its commercial value.
5 timely watering, fertilization, to meet the needs of fruit growth and development.
6 timely control of pests and diseases, to minimize mechanical damage. For the deformed melons that have already formed, they must be removed early to urge the plants to sit again.
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