Pea is a cultivar of the genus Pea, which is a cultivar of the genus Pea. It has a cultivation history of more than 2,000 years in China and is cultivated all over the country. It is adaptable and can grow under a variety of land conditions and in arid environments. The peas are resistant to inferiority, can mature the soil, restore soil fertility, improve soil aggregate structure, and are excellent foreseeing crops of other crops. [1]. Peas can be used for food, vegetables, and forage, and can be used as vegetable fried or as a side dish. It can be eaten after maturity and has a wide range of uses. After the pea pods are fried, the color is green and crisp, and the bean sprouts are also fresh and fragrant. It is suitable for soup. It has high protein content, easy digestion and absorption, and has many characteristics of deep processing and value-adding. It is one of the main early spring crops in the north. It is also an important intercropping, intercropping, rotation and land-raising crop in the adjustment of cropping structure. And play an important role in improving people's dietary structure [2].
1 peas requirements for growing environment
1.1 soil
Peas have strong adaptability to soil, and can grow on a variety of soils, which is more resistant to infertility. However, it can not grow normally in saline-alkali soil and low-lying land. The suitable soil pH value of pea is 6.5-8.0. The optimum pH value of root and rhizobium growth is 6.7-7.3, which is the best growth on slightly acidic soil, while micro-alkali The soil environment plays an important role in promoting the normal development of rhizobium and improving nitrogen fixation capacity [3].
1.2 temperature
Peas like cold, cold, cold, and not heat resistant. The minimum temperature of seed germination is 1-2 ° C, the most suitable temperature is 6-12 ° C, and it can be emerged at 4-6 d at 16-18 ° C. Pea seedlings have strong cold tolerance, and some varieties can withstand short-term frost damage of -6-3 °C. The period of vegetative growth is 12-16 °C, the temperature of the early stage of reproductive growth is 16-20 °C, and the pod formation period is 16-22 °C. In short, the average maximum temperature during the growing season is 20-21 ° C, which is most beneficial to increase pea yield.
1.3 lighting
Peas are long-day crops, and prolonging the illumination time can lead to early flowering for most pea varieties, and delay flowering when the duration of illumination is shortened. Under short-day conditions, pea branching increased, internode shortening, and stipules deformation [2]. The peas had a good sunshine during each growth period, especially in the flower pod stage. If the population density is too large, the shading between the plants will be severe, which will cause the flower pods to fall off a lot.
1.4 moisture
Peas are crops that require more water. Their drought resistance is not as good as that of kidney beans, cowpeas and lentils. It is also higher in drought tolerance than corn, corn, millet and wheat. When the seed absorbs water and swells, the smooth round grain variety needs to absorb 100%-120% of the weight of the seed itself, and the wrinkle variety is 150%-155%. The critical water content of the pea sprouting is 50% of the dry seed weight- 52%, less than 50% of the seeds can not germinate.
1.5 nutrients
The growth of peas requires P and K fertilizers, and an appropriate amount of N is required in the early stage of formation or formation of young nodules. When peas enter the flowering stage, the absorption of P is rapidly increased, reaching a peak after 15-16 days after flowering. K has strong stalk and lodging resistance, and can promote the transportation of photosynthetic products. Therefore, the demand for K on plants increased rapidly after flowering, and peaked at 31-32 days after flowering, which was later than the peak demand for P.
2 high-yield cultivation techniques
2.1 Land preparation and land preparation
Peas should be rotated and avoid continuous cropping. In the edible legume crop, the pea roots are weaker and the root group is less. Choose the fields with irrigation conditions or the flat Sichuan and Shantai, and plow the soil before winter. The soil is frozen before the soil is frozen. After the soil is thawed in the early spring, the soil is ridged and the soil is finely ground to ensure the soil is loose and the peas are tidy. It grows vigorously, promotes root development and enhances plant resilience.
2.2 Seed selection and treatment
When planting, remove pests and grains, broken grains, mildew and granules, improve seed uniformity, reduce the incidence of pests and infections, and ensure that the emergence of seedlings is uniform. After germination for 3-5 days before sowing, the germination potential and germination rate can be improved. Then, the seeds were seeded with 50% of the powder of 0.3% of the powder.
2.3 suitable sowing
The peas have strong cold resistance and can be planted in the early spring of March in the early spring. The sowing amount is generally 187.5-225.0kg/hm2, and the seedlings are 600,000-75,000 plants/hm2. The seeding method of artificial sowing or machine seeding is adopted, and the sowing depth is controlled at 2-3 cm, and the soil is properly pressed after covering the soil.
2.4 seedlings and cultivating
Seeding logistics check, found that the lack of seedlings in time to replant, to ensure that early seedlings, out of the whole seedlings [4], seedling height of about 3cm began to carry out the seedlings, leaving seedlings 1-2 plants / points. The growth of pea seedlings is prone to grass shortage. It should be ploughed early to eliminate grass and protect the grass, and at the same time increase the ground temperature and promote growth. When the plant height is 5-7 cm, the first shovel operation is carried out, and the plant height is 10-15 cm to carry out the second cultivating and cultivating the soil. Manually weeding once again in the later stage.
2.5 fat management
The peas need more nitrogen in the growing season. The nitrogen absorbed from the seedlings to the beginning of flowering period accounts for 40% of the total nitrogen requirement during the whole growth period, and accounts for up to 99% of the total flowering stage. In the middle of the growth period, according to the seedling condition and combined with watering, the urea is properly applied. At the leaf stage, urea was applied at 75kg/hm2, and at the beginning of flowering period, urea was applied at 150kg/hm2 to promote flower growth and increase 1000-grain weight. During the pod-forming period, the foliage is sprayed with phosphate fertilizer and micro-fertilizers such as boron, molybdenum and manganese to promote grain satiety, increase the number of pods, strengthen fertilizer management, keep the soil moist, and apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in combination with watering.
2.6 Water Management
The peas have poor drought tolerance, and need to be irrigated in case of dry weather after sowing to ensure seed germination and emergence. Pay attention to watering during the whole growth period to keep the soil moist. It is not advisable to water the peas at the beginning of flowering, otherwise it will cause serious falling flowers. If the soil is dry, it can be poured once. In the flowering pod period, more water is needed. In case of drought, timely watering is carried out in an appropriate amount, and after pouring, the cultivating is carried out. Peas are not resistant to phlegm, and rainy weather should clear the ditch in time to drain water.
2.7 Pest Control
Pea seedling diseases mainly include blight and root rot. It can be used to kill 2000 dry suspension 1000 times liquid and 12% green milk copper 800 times liquid plus Lvbang 98 spray control; the field pests and diseases mainly have powdery mildew, Black spot, brown spot, anthracnose and pea elephants. Powdery mildew can be controlled by 15% powder rusting 1000-1200 times liquid and 12.5% ​​diniconazole 1200-1800 times liquid spray. Brown spot and black spot can be controlled by spraying with 75% chlorothalonil 500-800 times solution or 70% methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution. Anthrax is controlled with 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times or Anmetto WP 500 times. Pea elephants can be controlled by boiling water, chloropicrin fumigation, or sprayed with malaphosphamide in the field, and sprayed with Fuling or Wanling during the flowering period. The mites can be treated with 10% Dagong 1800 times liquid, 50% killing 800 times liquid, and imidacloprid 1000 times liquid spray.
2.8 timely harvest
When the lower layer of the pods in the lower part of the plant is yellow, the stems and leaves turn yellow, and 70%-80% of the pods are harvested immediately.
The pea pods mature from bottom to top, usually with the lower pods ripening and the upper plants flowering at the same time. If all the pods are harvested when they are ripe, the lower pods will burst and cause a large loss. The harvest of peas should be carried out when the morning dew is not dry. The morning and morning harvests are better, which can reduce the phenomenon of falling pods. [5] When harvesting, the whole plant is pulled up and placed on the field to dry, and the mature pods will continue. mature. After drying thoroughly, use a threshing machine for threshing.
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