What kind of temperature conditions do tomato need to grow?
Tomato is a thermophilic vegetable, generally speaking, it can adapt to tomato growth in the temperature range of 15~35°C. The most suitable temperature for assimilation is 20~30°C. When the temperature reaches 33°C, the growth will be affected. When the temperature reaches 40°C, the growth will stop. When the temperature reaches 45°C, high temperature hazard will occur. The temperature dropped below 10°C and grew slowly, stopping at 5°C. The tomato will be frozen to death at minus 1~2°C, but the seedlings that have undergone cold-resistant exercise can tolerate minus 2°C for a short time. The optimum temperature for tomato growth is 20~23°C. When the local temperature drops to 6°C, the roots stop growing.
There are certain differences in the temperature requirements for different developmental stages of tomato.
The optimum temperature during the seedling stage is 20 to 25°C during the day and 10 to 15°C during the night. If the seedling temperature is too high or too low, the seedlings will grow weakly, the flower buds will be differentiated, the development will be poor, the quality of the flowers will be reduced, and flowering and fruiting will occur easily during the fruiting period.
The flowering period is sensitive to temperature. The optimum temperature is 20 ~ 30 °C during the day and 15 ~ 20 °C during the night. In the flowering period, when it encounters low temperature or high temperature above 30°C, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation are poor, fertilization is unfavorable, and flowering and fruit drop are easy to occur.
The optimum temperature in the result period was 24~26°C during the day and 12~17°C at night.
The optimum temperature for fruit coloring is 20~25°C, and poor coloration occurs above 30°C.
Tomato growth requires a certain temperature difference between day and night, especially in the outcome period. Tomato plant photosynthesis during the day to produce nutrients, appropriate to reduce the temperature at night, is conducive to transport and accumulation of nutrients, promote root, stem, leaf and fruit growth, thereby increasing yield and quality. Therefore, tomato production in greenhouses in winter often occurs due to overheating at night.
Appropriate temperature conditions for different stages of tomato
The relative humidity of the air in the shed before the growth should be maintained at 60 to 65%. The relative humidity of the air in the late growth period should be maintained at 45 to 55%.
What kind of lighting conditions do tomatoes need?
Tomatoes are hi-short short-day crops, but most varieties do not require strict solar radiation and do not require specific photoperiods. As long as the temperature is appropriate, they can be cultivated throughout the year. In general, the light is good under the conditions of 16 hours of light, tomato light saturation point of 70,000 lux, 3 to 35,000 lux to normal development.
Germination period does not require light;
The seedling period has relatively strict requirements on the illumination, and the lack of illumination delays the differentiation of flower buds, so that the flower nodes rise, the number of flowers decreases, and the quality of flower buds declines;
Insufficient illumination during flowering period can easily cause flowering and fruit drop.
The result period is under strong light, with more fruit set and single fruit. Under low light, the fruit setting rate is low, the single fruit weight is reduced, and empty fruit and tendons are also prone to fruition.
What kind of moisture condition does tomato need to grow?
The overgrowth of tomato stems and leaves is lush, and the transpiration is relatively strong. The transpiration coefficient is about 800, and the water needs more. However, the tomato root system is very developed and has strong water absorption capacity. The moisture requirement is semi-drought-tolerant, and the relative air humidity is 45 to 50%.
In different growth stages, tomatoes have different water requirements.
The seedling stage grows faster. In order to avoid leggy and disease, soil moisture should not be too high, and irrigation should be properly controlled.
Before the first inflorescence was established, soil moisture was too high, which could easily lead to plant growth, poor root development, and flowering.
After the fruit of the first inflorescence is swollen, the requirement for water increases significantly.
During the fruit enlargement period, the amount of water absorbed per tomato per day is 1 to 2 liters. According to the soil transpiration, suitable amount of water, a small amount of ground water, and fruiting period of watering interval of 5 to 7 days.
Watering principle
1 The tomato root system is very developed. It is very important to control water and grow water. Rigging is the first step to prevent flooding and flooding, ensuring that crops grow normally without water shortages, no roots are killed, and no stem rots are allowed. Rigging height is generally 22 to 25 cm high, divided into small and large rows. Large line width 80 cm, small line width 60 cm, the small line into a "V" shape, 5 to 7 days before planting a small water first, 25 cm high ridge, watered to 18 to 20 cm, watering The faster the faster the better, this is called making water. After 5~7 days, plant the seedlings on the water level line of the ridge, and then plant the planting water to ensure that the seedlings are on the same water level and then after 5 to 7 days, the seedlings will be poured. After the locust is good, it will be scratched to increase the permeability of the soil and prevent the water from evaporating.
2 In advance, the moisture loss of the cover film must be white, and the film must be white. The black film will affect the growth of the root. When the temperature is high, the film will not spread, and it will be placed on the edge of the ridge to prevent the high temperature from damaging the crop leaves. 20 to 25 days without watering, the first ear fruit to the egg or point after the third spike flower set fruit and then fertilize. When the seedling grows to a height of 40 cm, when it is hottest at noon, push the seedlings to the side and then to the direction of ridges to prevent leggy growers. The seedlings stand up and then condolence. The part that fell on the ground is no longer mentioned. There will be many adventitious roots in the future, which will increase the speed of late growth and increase production.
What kind of soil does tomato need?
Tomato soil requirements are not very strict, it is best to use deep soil, well-drained, organic rich fertile loam. During the growing period, tomatoes need to absorb large amounts of nutrients from the soil. The production of 5,000 kg of fruit requires the absorption of 33 kg of potassium oxide, 10 kg of nitrogen and 5 kg of phosphorus from the soil. 73% of these elements are found in fruits and 27% in vegetative organs such as stems, leaves and roots.
How to enhance the protection of tomato light?
Reasonable layout: When tomato is transplanted and colonized, it strives for uniform seedling size, neat plant growth, and reduced shading between plants. At the same time, it is better to do planting in the north-south direction so that it can receive sunlight as much as possible and try to avoid mutual obstruction.
Keep the shed membrane clean: water droplets, dust and other debris on the shed film will reduce the light transmittance by about 30%. It is recommended to use drop-free film.
Reasonably uncovering the straw curtain: Under the premise of doing well the insulation work, generally the sun will be uncovered after 0.5 to 1 hour, and the sun will cover the curtain half an hour before the sun goes down. Especially in the rainy days when it rains, it is necessary to properly uncover the sun's scattered light.
Set the light curtain: Use aluminizing film width of 2 meters and length of 3 meters to hang it on the north side of the greenhouse to make it perpendicular to the ground, so that the ground will be brightened by about 40%, and the temperature of the shed will increase by 3°C to 4°C. In addition, laying silver-gray film on the ground can also increase the light intensity between plants.
Do a good job of planting: timely pruning, playing rights, tied vines, playing the old leaves and other field management, in order to facilitate ventilation and transparency in the shed.
The role of various fertilizer elements
1 Nitrogen fertilizer: increase the speed of crop nutrient operation, lengthen the internodes, lengthen the petioles, open large leaves, to use in limited quantities, excessive use of crop internodes, thin stems, long petioles, large and thin leaves, light leaves Yellow, the appearance of late flowering, small fruit, slow expansion, affecting yield, resistance to disease decreased (the old shed must use less chicken manure and compound fertilizer). Cold resistance has also greatly decreased.
2 Superphosphate: Phosphorus containing calcium, calcium fertilizer to increase crop cell division, inflated fruit expansion, floral robust, improve pollination rate, reduce deformity, when the ground temperature is low, the root growth is slow, it is difficult to absorb to calcium, will cause lack Calcium appears malformed fruit, tendon rot disease, remedial methods, water flushing calcium nitrate, when each ear fruit grows to peanut size, spraying calcium nitrate per ear fruit can be prevented.
3 Phosphate Fertilizer: Promote the growth of crop roots, determine the number of root growth, reduce the number of main phosphorus-deficient roots, affect the nutrient transport of crops, and must use good phosphate fertilizer in the early stage, deepen the roots, provide good nutrition for crops, and increase cold resistance. Drought resistance can reduce the number of watering, prevent watering, humidity, and serious diseases.
4 Potassium Fertilizer: Potassium sulphate, strong straw, and large fruit should be poured over the ground so that the fruit will have good color, bright surface, good hardness and transport resistance.
5 Magnesium Fertilizer: Improve crop chlorophyll content and promote photosynthesis. Insufficient magnesium fertilizer causes irregular macular chlorosis. The distribution of various trace elements is directly related to magnesium.
6 Zinc fertilizer: The speed of the nutrient operation of the crop is accelerated, the growth point is long and fast, and no yellowing and shrinking also play a role in photosynthesis.
7 Iron fertilizer: After the crop absorbs, it inhibits bacterial growth, forms a protective film on the surface of crop leaves, and improves crop disease resistance. In the absence of iron, plant leaves appear yellow and their resistance is reduced.
8 Boron fertilizer: increase the division of crop cells, promote flower bud differentiation, and increase crop reproductive growth and vegetative growth balance. Lack of boron, buds are not formed or buds are small.
9 Copper sulphate: To improve the disease resistance of crops, a layer of wax is formed on the surface of crop leaves and straw so that bacteria cannot invade.
Each element has a quantity to use. Excessive use of each element affects the absorption of other elements.
How to fertilize tomatoes?
Full application of base fertilizer: Basal fertilizer is mainly composed of decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer, applying 2500~3000kg per acre, and according to the different varieties of ripeness of tomato, cultivation period, etc., appropriate quantitative fertilizer.
â— For early maturing varieties, apply 25 to 30 kg of superphosphate, 15 to 20 kg of potassium sulfate, and add about 10 kg of urea.
â— Late-maturing varieties require more proper control of nitrogen fertilizers.
â— The distribution of nitrogen fertilizers in cultivar-covered tomato is generally considered to be based on half and half on top.
In addition to the phosphate fertilizer, full-layer fertilization can be applied to evenly mix the fertilizer with the plough layer to achieve the integration of soil and fertilizer. Superphosphate is fully mixed with organic fertilizer and then applied to planting holes to reduce the fixation of phosphorus by soil. After the tomato seedlings were drained on the planting hole, they were poured with 500 kg of diluted manure to stabilize the seedlings. In addition, it is effective to apply a small amount of boron fertilizer at the time of sowing so that the tomato root system can grow normally and increase the sugar content.
Appropriate top-dressing: 7 to 10 days after planting, combined with watering topdressing once to promote fruit fertilizer, the amount of manure diluted 500kg per acre. When the first fruit begins to swell, combine urea 10-15kg with watering. The first fruit is nearly harvested. When the second and third fruits are inflated, the plant enters the season of high yield. Each acre is followed by about 1,000 kg fecal dilute or quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, preferably dilute fecal dilute with nitrogenous fertilizer, and continuously top dressing 3 times. It can achieve the purpose of strengthening and defending against premature aging and improving fruit quality. During the top-dressing period, with 200~300 times of sea elves biological stimulants, it can play a variety of roles such as rooting and strong seedlings, balanced nutrition, and keeping flowers and fruits.
Spray fertilizer in time: In the late growth stage of tomato growth, the growth of stem and leaf begins to slow down. In order to strive for the yield in the middle and later period to prevent premature aging, foliar application of phosphorus and potassium source 500 to 880 times liquid has good effect on promoting fruit development.
How to scientifically fertilize tomato in protected land?
Pay attention to organic fertilizer: organic fertilizer contains comprehensive nutrients. Fertilizer effect is slow and long. The organic fertilizer used must be fermented, otherwise it is easy to produce harmful gases.
Generally, 4000-5000kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu. It is also possible to use microbiological inoculum preparations in amounts of 2 to 3 kg per mu.
Balanced application of chemical fertilizers: Fertilizers have high nutrient content and rapid fertilizer efficiency, which can make up for the deficiency of organic fertilizers and certain nutrients in the soil. As long as balanced application does not cause harm to plants and the environment.
Commonly used fertilizers include urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate, borax, zinc sulfate and ternary compound fertilizer.
Tomato Top Dressing Principle in Protected Field
The general principle is "one control, two promotions, three sprays, and four taboos."
One control: During this period of time before the tomato is planted until fruit set, it is necessary to see the seed dressing and control the topdressing amount. Over-concentration of over-concentration is too concentrated, which can easily lead to plant growth, and even result in falling fruit. Therefore, in the case of severe fertilizer-deficient plants, the amount of top dressing should generally be controlled, and thin manure fertilizer or biochemical organic fertilizer solution can be applied.
The second promotion: tomato expansion fruit and harvest period should be appropriate amount of fertilizer, in order to promote its growth and development. When the first panicle grows to the size of the walnut, the fast-acting fertilizer should be quickly traced 1 or 2 times, and the human urine or 5% sulfur-containing compound fertilizer leaching solution with a concentration of 30% is generally applied to ensure that the plant does not become de-fertilized. After the young fruit enters the expansion stage, in order to meet the needs of plant growth and avoid late defertilization, the “diligent chase†method should be adopted. Generally, a concentration of 40% of human excrement or 5% is applied every 10 days on sunny days. Sulfur compound fertilizer leaching solution.
Three-spray: When the soil cannot be topdressed during fruit growth period, it should be sprayed with 2 to 3 times of foliar fertilizer. It can be sprayed with 300-500 times foliar sea stimulator and can also be used as a 500-fold solution of phosphorus and potassium. Spraying to improve the quality of tomatoes.
Four bogey: First, bogey in the soil in the wet and at noon high temperature conditions to fight slamming and leafing; Second, bogey too concentrated on fertilization, because the concentrated fertilization easy to make plants long and harm; Third, bogey in the soil is wet Under the fertilization, otherwise easy to drop, defoliation and fruit drop and other physiological diseases; Fourth, avoid bogey under high temperature conditions, otherwise the water evaporation of the plant leaf is large, will affect the fertilizer effect to play, to be applied in the early morning or late evening is appropriate.
Improve the soil and prevent the phenomenon of double weighting
Due to continuous planting, the soil is prone to heavy plowing, affecting yield, soil improvement can make the land "live" again, so that crops grow normally and achieve high yields. The key to soil improvement is to cultivate the amount of beneficial bacteria in the soil, help break down the fertilizer in the soil, accelerate the transformation, and help the crop absorb better.
It is recommended to use the sea elf biostimulant, which can effectively loosen soil, reduce soil acid, increase soil organic matter, and stimulate root development.
Clever flowers improve the quality and yield of tomatoes
Alum concentration: with 2,4-D 2 ml water 1 ~ 1.5 kg, anti-dropping agent 2 ml watered 1.3 ~ 1.6 kg, point flower temperature 18 ~ 26 °C best.
Decanting methods and techniques: Tomatoes have tricks, which increase the yield and quality of the tomato, make the tomato fruit evenly, and the fruit of a panicle enlarges and changes color at the same time. Adjusting the time during flowering plays a key role in tomato fruit evenness.
â— When the tomato blossoms, if the first flower of each ear is too early and the rear flower is more than enough, the first flower is removed and the deformed flower is removed.
â— If two flowers are open at the same time, no deformity can be left. Do not sip flowers or spray flowers immediately. After two days, the flower buds at the back, such as the flower buds, are opened slightly to open the flowers or spray flowers, so that the buds are subjected to hormones at the same time. Stimulation, together with pollination ambassadors, uniform size of each ear. If the two flowers that are opened first are processed in advance, they will quickly seize the nutrients, delay the flowering time of the later flowers, make the flowering time open larger and the fruits appear uneven, and even the latter flowers will suffer from malnutrition. Not big.
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