1 plastic trim
1.1 trim time
Spring pruning in the 20 to 30 days before germination, this stage can be combined with pruning, collecting scions, for short-term storage, until the end of March ~ end of April to take the graft for high-quality exchange or breeding walnut grafted seedlings. Spring walnut germination is characterized by nutrient loss caused by respiratory consumption and new organ formation. Therefore, it is not recommended to pruning after germination in spring.
1.2 Trimming of different age walnut trees
1.2.1 Young tree shaping and trimming. Select the main branch, lay the skeleton, make the distribution of all kinds of branches in the crown reasonable, ensure the ventilation and light transmission inside the crown, and form a good high-yield tree shape. The general principle of sapling plastic surgery is that it is not necessary to over-emphasize what kind of tree shape must be made, so that it can be "pruned by trees, made with branches, tangible, invisible, invisible." Pruning is mainly based on light cut, long release, and more branches (auxiliary branches). The tree shape mostly adopts the main sparse layer shape and the natural happy shape.
1.2.2 Trimming of the first hanging fruit tree. Continue to select and keep the backbone branches at all levels, and rapidly expand the canopy; gradually cultivate the result branches and result branches, increase production, strive for early results, and prosperous yield; at the same time pay attention to tree balance and master-slave relationship. Early-earning walnuts grow rapidly in the early fruit stage. Because of their strong branching power, they can easily produce secondary branches and can sprout long branches. Therefore, in addition to cultivating the main and side branches, it is necessary to control the secondary branches. Good long branches, thinning out the branches, and handling the branches.
1.2.3 Pruning of fruit trees during fruiting. Adjust the relationship between growth and results, maintain a robust tree; solve the problem of ventilation and light transmission, and be happy in time, the tree height is controlled at 70%~80% of the line spacing, and the light path is opened. At the same time, the overlapping branches, the long branch, the thin branches on the back, the erect branches and the branches below the main branch of the first layer on the trunk are removed; the auxiliary branches and the long branches are used to update the result branches, and the back branches and droops are dealt with in time. branch. Through pruning, the "three rare and three dense" is achieved, that is, the outer branches of the crown are thin, and the inner branches are dense; the upper branches are thin, the lower branches are dense, the branches are thin, and the branches are dense, and the resulting branches are robustly grown, prolonging the fruiting period.
2 Spring management of saplings and fruit trees
2.1 shallow soil
After the soil is thawed, combined with fertilization and watering, the walnut garden is fully shallowed, increasing soil moisture and eliminating winter pests. The depth is 10~20cm.
2.2 Scientific topdressing
Top dressing is a supplement to the lack of base fertilizer, mainly based on quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, time in the germination stage or before flowering (late March, mid-April) to promote the growth of flowering fruit and new shoots. The amount of topdressing is 50% of the annual topdressing amount. Generally, the saplings apply 100~200g of urea per plant. The initial fruit trees are 250~500g per plant, and the fruit trees are 750~1000g. The point application or radial ditch is 20~25cm. . After flowering, the main role of top dressing is to reduce the fruit drop, promote the rapid expansion of young fruit and the growth of new shoots, and prepare for flower bud differentiation. The type of topdressing is mainly composed of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be added. The amount of topdressing accounts for 30% of the annual topdressing amount.
2.3 timely irrigation
Walnut trees consume a lot of water and nutrients in the process of sprouting, spreading leaves, flowering and new shoots. After wintering, the water content of the trees will be lost and the soil water content will be reduced to a minimum. At this time, it is in the dry and windy season in the north. Before the soil is thawed, the trees are watered in combination with fertilization, which can supplement the loss of water in the winter, promote the growth of new shoots and flower bud differentiation. It can also prevent spring cold and night frost. The harm of the tree.
3 night cream prevention and prevention
The wintering period of walnut can resist the low temperature of -20~-28 °C, but the cold resistance drops drastically after germination, and the low temperature below 0 °C is very unfavorable to flowers, new shoots and young fruit. Night frost damage is a common natural disaster in the walnut producing area. When it is serious, it often causes no harvest. The night cream is concentrated in the middle of April. At this time, the walnut begins to sprout, the sap flow speeds up, and the low temperature and frost can directly freeze the shoots and flowers. ear. In Weinan City, there were daily frosty weather on April 1~10, and the temperature suddenly dropped below 0 °C, causing walnut flowers and new shoots to wither. Therefore, attention should be paid to the weather changes during the flowering and young fruit periods, especially in low-lying areas, so that early prediction and early prevention can be achieved. Night cream prevention method:
3.1 fumigation
The most effective way to prevent frost is to smoke. Method: Staggered with semi-dry and semi-wet straw, leaves, weeds, etc., covered with soil, leaving ignition and vents, 3~4 heaps/667m2, according to the frost time predicted by the meteorological department, when the temperature drops to 0 °C When the grass is piled up, the fire is to be small and smoked. Until the sunrise, keep the smoke for 1~2h, avoiding direct sunlight to the flowers or young fruits and increasing the damage. Special antifreeze can also be used for canopy spraying to reduce the degree of night frost damage.
3.2 painted white
Whitening of the trunk can weaken the absorption of solar radiant heat in the upper part of the walnut tree, which makes the temperature of the early spring tree rise slower, thus delaying the germination and flowering period, avoiding the early spring frost damage, and also has antibacterial, killing eggs and larvae, and anti-sunburn The role. Preparation method of whitening agent: 5 parts of quicklime, 1.5 parts of sulfur, 2.5 parts of salt, 40 parts of water, add a small amount of animal oil, mix well and then brush the trunk. Or water.. quicklime.. salt.. sulfur.. animal oil = 100..30..2..1..1.
4 pest control
As the temperature in the spring rises, various pests and diseases will continue to smash out activities, which will harm crops and breed future generations. It is necessary to seize this favorable opportunity and combine the cultivation measures to improve the prevention and control of fruit trees and pests, which can minimize the pests and disease index in the growing season and achieve twice the result with half the effort.
4.1 Prevention and control measures
4.1.1 Timely clearing the garden. Many of the spores, mycelia and pest eggs, larvae, and cockroaches of the tree are often dormant in the dead branches, fallen leaves, diseased fruit and orchard weeds of fruit trees, such as walnut black spot disease, walnut rot disease, Walnut brown spot, scale insects, walnut limbs and moths. Therefore, clearing the garden in the spring, clearing the litter, dropping the fruit, eradicating the weeds, and burning or deep burying in time are measures to reduce the source of the insects and the disease source.
4.1.2 The trunk is painted white. As a result, the white coating of the tree can alleviate the dangers such as sunburn and freezing damage, delay sprouting and flowering, and treat tree trunk pests and diseases. It is better to apply white twice, the first time after the leaves are frozen until the soil is frozen, the second time in the early spring, the white parts are mainly trunks, and the whole tree should not be painted white, so as not to cause the spring to burn.
4.1.3 Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. In the dormant period, especially in the early spring, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, enhance the tree potential, exert the natural control ability of the tree, and rationally fertilize.
4.1.4 Chemical control. Before germination, spraying 3~5 stone sulphur mixture in the whole garden can effectively prevent the occurrence of diseases such as black spot and scale insects.
5 flower management
Walnut flower buds are the material basis of the results. Reasonable results can avoid too much or too little result, ensuring high yield, stable yield and high quality of walnut trees.
5.1 flower protection fruit
The "small year tree" and the strong sapling tree with less flower buds should keep the flower buds and young fruit as much as possible, so that they can produce more fruits, stabilize fruit, and fruit, and improve yield and quality.
5.2 sparse and thin fruit
5.2.1 Shu Xiong. Shu Xiong can reduce the water and nutrient consumption of the tree, which is beneficial to the growth and development of the female and remaining male flowers and the tree, improve the nutritional conditions of the female flowers and fruits, and improve the fruit setting rate and yield. It is advisable to remove the male flowers early, and the male flower buds can be distinguished from the previous year until the spring flowers of the spring bloom. If you miss this period, you can get rid of it when the male flower bud grows to 1cm. When it is sparse, it is sparse and short inflorescence, leaving more long inflorescences. The amount of sparseness is 85%~90% of the whole tree, which is removed by hand or removed with a wooden hook.
5.2.2 thinning fruit. Early-earning walnuts are dominated by lateral flower buds, and the amount of female flowers is large. The results are numerous, which makes the walnut fruit smaller and the quality worse. In severe cases, the branches will die and die. In order to ensure the relative balance of vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree, improve the quality of nuts, maintain high yield, stable yield, and prolong the number of years of results, it is necessary to eliminate excessive young fruit. The fruit thinning time is usually carried out after 20 to 30 days after fertilization of the female flower and 1.0 to 1.5 cm after the female flower is fertilized. The amount of fruit retained depends on the tree potential and the cultivation conditions. Generally, the medium and above site conditions and the moderately prosperous tree potential, the amount of fruit per 1 m2 of canopy projected area is 60-80, and the walnut trees with excellent site conditions and strong tree potential, The area of ​​projection per 1 m2 is 80 to 100. When thinning the fruit, first remove the young fruit on the weak tree or the thin branch, and loosen the fruit of the double fruit or the dense part. The cause of sparseness and sparseness depends on the tree, and there are areas where there is night frost damage and orchards with serious pests and diseases. The amount of flower remaining should be 30%~40% more than the actual amount. In order to compensate for the damage caused by freezing damage or pest damage.
5.2.3 irrigation
Irrigate the walnut garden before the early spring germination or before the night frost, to avoid or reduce frost damage. In addition, for the walnut trees that are not concentrated, before the arrival of frost, in the cold wind attack surface, use high-dry straw, branches to form a wind barrier, block the cold wind invasion, and strive to minimize frost damage.
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