Planting includes transplanting and planting. The method is the same. Colonization is no longer moving after being planted, and transplanting is a cultivation measure before planting, which changes the planting distance for the plant to suit its growth needs.
1. The trough transplant is to expand the spacing of seedlings of various types of seedlings, so that the seedlings obtain sufficient nutrition, light and air, and at the same time cut off the main roots of the seedlings during transplantation, so that the seedlings can produce more lateral roots and develop well Roots help it grow. Before transplanting, the seedlings sown are usually planted with sparse seedlings to remove oversized, thin or diseased seedlings. The thinned seedlings can also be planted separately. To transplant the seedlings for the first time in 4 to 5 tablets. Potted seedlings often begin transplanting when 1 to 2 true leaves appear. The size of transplanted plants varies depending on the size of the seedlings, the growth rate of the seedlings, and the length of the bed after transplantation. The preparation of the nursery seedling transplant bed is basically the same as the seedbed seedbed. When transplanting, the soil should be properly dried and wetted. Usually it should be transplanted when the soil is dry. However, when the soil is too dry, the seedlings are easily wilted. The water should be poured on the steamed buns on the day before planting until the water on the grains rises. When the hand shifts Tan. When the soil is wet, not only is it inconvenient to operate, but also the soil is hardened after the seedlings are plucked, which is unfavorable for seedling growth. Do not press too tightly when transplanting, so as not to injure the hate department. When the water is poured, the soil particles will sink with the water and can be connected with the root system. Transplantation is best done without wind and cloudy weather. If the weather is clear, strong, and hot, it should be transplanted in the evening. Before transplanting, distinguish the species and avoid mixing. When digging seedlings cut off the main root, do not hurt the roots, as much as possible with escort root transplant. Digging seedlings and planting should be coordinated, with digging and planting. If the wind is big, it will evaporate strongly and the cubs will be covered to cover the shade. The transplant hole should be slightly larger to allow the root to stretch. The planting depth must be the same as the original planting depth, or 1-2 cm deeper. Too shallow and easy to fall; if it is too deep, it is not well developed. Immediately after planting, it should be fully watered and re-poured once to ensure sufficient quantity. When it is dry, it is necessary to water while planting. In the early summer of transplanting, shade should be used to reduce evaporation and avoid wilting.
2. Colonization and colonization include transplanting large seedlings, potted seedlings, stored bulbs, and perennial flowers and books, and planting them in places that are no longer moving. Before planting, it is necessary to improve the soil structure, adjust the pH, and improve drainage conditions according to the needs of the plants. Generally, the plants need fertile, loose and well-drained soil. Fertilizers can be mixed during site preparation or applied to caverns after digging. The distance between plants used in colonization should be determined according to the size of the adult plant or the requirements for planting. Digging seedlings, generally should be taken with root protection soil, soil too wet or too dry cadres should not dig seedlings, with soil depending on the size of the root system. Falling tree species do not have to carry soil during planting. Evergreen plants and species that are difficult to transplant must have complete mud packs and must be tied with straw ropes. To open a hole when planting, the hole should be larger or deeper than the seedling's root system or mudball. Then, about 2/3 of the hole soil is shoveled into the hole, shake the seedlings to make the soil particles and the root system closely, then press the soil around the root system, and finally fill the soil hole with loose soil to make it level with the ground and slightly concave. Water 2 times immediately after seeding. After planting seedlings of grass seedlings, they will be watered again the next day. In the early stage of planting bulb flowers, it is generally not necessary to water. If it is too dry, it should be poured once. The perennial flower and the flower of the large plant must be combined with hate trimming, and the roots, roots and roots must be cut off. After planting large saplings, they must also set up pillars or set rope traction in three diagonals to prevent dumping. Potted potted plants can move freely depending on the greening of the courtyard and the interior needs. However, due to the growth of flower pots, it requires more detailed maintenance and management.
1. Small pot seedlings were transplanted into the pots. Sometimes they were transplanted for the first time in the sowing pots. The sowing pots with a diameter of 30 cm could transplant about 60 strains. The medium is similar to the sowing culture soil. If the seedlings are too crowded, they usually appear when the leaves are transplanted, or transplanted after the cotyledons have been developed. The distance between seedlings is 1 to 2 cm. Use pointed bamboo chopsticks to dig seedlings, then use it to insert a hole and plant seedlings in the hole. The planting depth should be appropriate so as not to bury the cotyledons and the growth point as degree, and then use a fine sprayer to spray water, or use a water-absorption method until all the soil in the pot is soaked out and put in half. Before using the water-absorption method, the pelvic floor hole should be well cushioned, and the medium should be pressed tightly. Otherwise, when the water is immersed, the medium will loosen and overflow from the basin hole.
2. Upper Basin (1) Preparation Workshop There must be a work station in the studio. There must be a shelf for storage of culture soil and flower pots, and there is a car for transporting potted plants. This can improve ergonomics. Also prepare in advance the pelvic floor drainage hole broken pieces.
(2) Operation 1 Wash basin: Cover the drainage hole with at least 3 pieces of broken pelvic discs, so that the concave surface faces down, and it is required to block the drainage hole, so that the soil does not block the drainage hole, and the water in the basin can be discharged slowly. When using a water-absorbing edge or a similar method of irrigating the pelvic floor with water, the pelvic floor should be covered or not, and as long as there is a layer of water-absorbing material, such as sphagnum moss, on the pelvic floor.
2 on the basin process: In the well-paved pots, first add coarse-grained medium to ensure smooth drainage, then a thousand holding seedlings, righting plants, stand in the center of the pot and master the planting depth; the other hand plus culture medium, Fill the gap around the root until it is full. The depth of planting should suit the size of the seedlings. Then vibrate the pot and press the medium with your fingers so that the surface of the medium is 1 to 2 cm below the edge of the pot. After putting on the basin, immediately pour enough water so that the water is discharged from the bottom hole. After the water is drained, water it again. The seedlings in the early stages of the basin need to be shaded, and generally need to be 3 to 7 large to restore growth.
3, turning pots and basins is to change pots from small pots to large pots, but there are only soil changeable pots. The basin change method is the same as the upper basin.
(1) When potted plants need to be turned over. 1 The seedlings grow, and the fibrous roots have been drained.
2 After the plants have rested, they must turn over the pots before resuming growth, replace the new soil, and clean up the roots.
3 Seedlings have grown too long and require ramets.
4 Potted plants have been for 2 to 3 years and need to be replaced with culture soil.
(2) Inverting the basin is to pour the flower seedlings from the original flowerpot. Do not pour water before pouring pots, so that the basin soil is properly dried, so that the mud can be easily poured out. When it fell down, holding the pot in one hand and making a fist in one hand, tapping on the edge of the potted tub to make the mud leave itself out. If you have a big basin, you can put the pot side down on the wooden block, tap the edge of the pot, loosen the mud mass, hold the mud with your hands, and take it out again. If it is a large cylinder, two people are required to operate it. First use a bamboo stick to dig out the potted soil, and then pour the pot; when the pot is poured, it is necessary to support the plants well, so as not to be damaged by the mud.
(3) Mud treatment Strip the plant sludge from some of the top and surrounding soil and pelvic pelvic fragments. Cut off the long and injured roots and put them on the basin. If the basin is full of new white roots, it can be fully swapped into big pots. For many years, large seedlings of potted plants and roots with miscellaneous discs often need bamboo sticks to remove the soil between the roots and then change the pots. Some precious species with fleshy roots, such as orchids, peony, and clivia, etc., should be washed, dried, and then put on pots. If the pendulum is placed in an open soil nursery bed, it should be covered with a black plastic film to prevent weed growth, worming into the drainage holes and drainage holes being blocked by ground mud. The cultivator and weed cultivator are the work to loosen the plant's rhizosphere soil during flower growth. Through the cultivator, the capillary on the surface of the soil can be cut off to reduce the evaporation of water; the pores in the topsoil can be increased to contain more air; and the decomposition of nutrients in the soil can be promoted, which is beneficial to the utilization of roots for moisture and nutrients. After the shower or large amount of irrigation and when the soil is compacted, cultivator should be cultivated. In the base of the seedlings should be shallow ploughing, the spacing can be slightly deep. Carnations and other shallow-rooted plants do not cultivate mid-tillage to avoid cutting off the root system; the plants do not cultivate after being covered with soil. Soils that are not ploughed can cover coverings, such as bark, crushed rice, wheat straw, etc., and can also serve as cultivators. The purpose of weeding is to remove field weeds so that they do not compete with seedlings for moisture, nutrients and sunlight. Weeds are also often the host of pests and diseases. Therefore, it must be completely removed to ensure the health of the flowers. Weeding in addition to removing the net early, do not wait until the disaster and then hands, in particular, in addition to clearing before the knot, so as not to cause grassland, there are many ways weeding, hand-tapped and mechanical tillage. In recent years, more chemical herbicides have been used. If used properly, they can save labor and time. But pay attention to safety, according to the type of crop properly use suitable herbicides, the concentration of use, methods and dosage, according to the instructions.
1. Herbicide types: roughly divided into four categories:
(1) Inactivated: Indiscriminately kills all plants. Such as sodium pentachlorophenol, paraquat.
(2) Selective: Selective killing of weeds has different effects on crops, such as 2,4-D-fat.
(3) Systemic: The herbicide can be absorbed into the plants through the stems, leaves or through the roots of the grass, and it can destroy the internal structure and disrupt the physiological balance, thus causing the plants to die. Absorbed by stems and leaves, such as glyphosate. Absorbed through the roots, such as Simazin.
(4) Contacting: Herbicide kills only the part of the plant that is in direct contact and is not effective on untouched parts. Such as herbicide ether.
2. Common chemical herbicides (1) Herbicidal ether: WP. Inactivated contact herbicides are effective under conditions of sunlight, high temperatures, and moist soils. At temperatures below 20C, efficacy is poor. The effect of killing the seed-producing young grass is good, and the efficacy of the grass growing up as seedlings is small. The residual period is 20-40 days.
(2) Phenylether: 20% emulsion, inactivated contact herbicide. In the sun, the drug effect responds quickly and is affected little by temperature. It can kill a variety of primary germinating weeds, but it is not effective for the growth of mixed herbs, often before or during the germination of the weeds. The residual period is 20 to 30 days.
(3) sodium pentachlorophenol: powder and granules. Inactivated contact herbicides. The effect of killing the weeds that germinated at the beginning is large, and the effect on the weediness of the ratooning and the grown up is poor. Residual period of 3 to 7 days.
(4) Praxanthine: 50% WP. Efficient suction herbicides. A wide range of grass killing, long duration of efficacy. Soil treatment is usually done before planting, and it can be used during seedling emergence. The spring potted plants are used before the pots and are valid for over 60 years.
(5) Diflubenzuron: 25% wettable powder. Inactivated systemic herbicides also have a certain contact killing effect. They can kill a wide range of grasses. In addition to annual grasses, they are also effective for perennial deep-rooted grasses, and are generally used for soil treatment.
(6) Diuron: 25% wettable powder. Herbicides are sucked into the roots. When stems absorb less, kill a wide range of grass, in the germination of weeds for the treatment of soil. The residual period is 50 to 70 days.
(7) Green mellon: 25% wettable powder. Inhalation of herbicides in the roots, but also the face contact effect, does not affect the germination after treatment, but when the weeds grow to a certain time, due to the destruction of photosynthesis and death.
(8) 2, 4 - D: right highly selective herbicide. Soil treatment when the weeds germinate has the best effect, and the stem and leaf jets can also receive better results. The role of killing dicotyledonous plants is strong and is not effective against monocotyledons. Suitable for use on lawns where plants are planted.
(9) Glyphosate, also known as glyphosate, is a 10 to 16% dark thirst-colored liquid that kills broad-spectrum herbicides and kills perennial weeds. Spray the stems and leaves when used.
(10) Paraquat: 5-20% aqueous solution. Inactivated contact herbicides. The effect of killing annual plants is good. For deep-rooted weeds, they can only kill their green parts and inhibit their growth.
(11) Thatch, also known as Drapeng: 87% WP. The systemic herbicide can be used for soil treatment and also for stem and leaf spray. It has a good effect on single-time plants and has a poor effect on double-leaf plants. The use of blending with prazomide, herbicidal ether, etc. can expand the range of herbicide, increase the efficacy of herbicide, and extend the duration of efficacy.
(12) Simazine: 50% WP. Highly selective herbicides within the system. Suitable for soil treatment. Slow response to pharmacodynamics, killing a wide range of grass. It is effective in killing annual weeds and has poor effects on perennial deep-rooted weeds, but it can also cause death when used in large doses. The residual effect is very long.
Shaping
1. Topping the heart is to remove the tips of the growing shoots. It can promote the germination of collaterals, increase the number of flowering branches, make the plants dwarf, round the plant shape, flowering and orderly; also have the effect of inhibiting growth and delaying flowering.
2. Trimming hard woody flowers, you need to use tools to cut or truncate the branches called pruning. Points sparse pruning and short pruning are two. The pruning pruning only cuts out the diseased branches, larvae, overlapping branches, over dense branches, thin and weak branches and legless branches, so that the interior of the plant is airy and transparent, the branches are evenly distributed, and the nutrients are concentratedly used on the effective branches to promote growth and flowering. Short cut pruning is to cut most of the branches, maintain a certain tree posture, and promote new shoots. The flowering flowers on the fresh shoots of the year can be cut short at the base of the shoots during the dormancy period to reduce the starting point of the new shoots in the following year and dwarf the plants; this kind of pruning is also called turning back. For flowers that bloom on biennial branches, because their flower buds were formed in the previous year, pruning should be carried out immediately after flowering so that it can germinate new branches early and prepare for flowering the following year. Flowers that bloom on the branches of the year, as soon as they are trimmed after the flowers, may bloom again. When pruning, pay attention to the direction of leaving the shoots. When new shoots are needed to grow upwards, leave the inner shoots; when new shoots are developed outward, leave the outer shoots. Cut the mouth into a bevel, smooth, leaving the buds should be cut in the other side, cut mouth is 1 cm higher than the remaining buds, not too high or too low. If you cut the entire branch, it should be close to the bifurcation, do not leave stumps.
3. Picking, picking, and picking the leaves is the removal of aging, deprivation-consuming nutrients, and leaves that affect flower buds. After some flowers are dormant, the leaves are disorderly, the size of the leaves is not neat, and the length of the petiole is also very different. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out and remove disproportionate timepieces. The first one is to remove the spent flowers. If the azalea blossoms, the residual flowers will not fall for a long time, but the growth of young shoots and shoots will be affected and they need to be removed. The second is the removal of unusable flowers with excessive growth and incomplete rigidity. Picking fruits is to remove unwanted small fruits.
4. Peeling and bud peeling is the removal of young lateral buds from the upper part of the shoot at the base. Its purpose is to reduce excessive side branches, so as not to impede ventilation and light transmission, nutrient dispersion; so that the remaining branches grow vigorously and improve the quality of flowering. After the buds are formed, in order to ensure the nutrition of the main buds, the buds are stripped to improve the flowering quality. Sometimes, in order to adjust the flowering speed, the whole plant flowers are neat and open, and the buds are divided several times and the buds are small. The shoots were stripped on the side of the buds, and the flower buds were later peeled off. Finally, the buds on each branch were similar in size, and the flowering size was similar.
5. Branches that bind certain potted flowers or cut flowers and stems are soft and easy to bend or fall down; or stems are slender and brittle, and are easily blown by the wind; therefore, they need to be supported during the growth period, that is, they are tied. The supporting material is fine bamboo, bamboo sticks or hard plastic rods, and the ligating material is brown, brown or nylon.
There are three ways to bind:
(1) Each branch shall be provided with a pillar to tie the branches to the branch. To prevent the pillars from being worn, the plant stems shall be tied separately from the pillars.
(2) Insert 3 to 4 pillars around the plant, and then use a ligating material to tie each pillar in a circle around the plant, so that the plant lives in the center.
(3) The two heads of the cultivating crickets are supported to live on each side. Vertical bamboo culms are set up on both sides of the crickets, and then a vertical and horizontal network is formed by licking materials. The meshes are about 10 to 15 centimeters, so that the plant twigs extend the mesh in natural growth; When the headmaster is 25 to 30 centimeters, an additional layer is needed, which generally requires three floors. Used for cutting flowers. It can also be replaced with a prefabricated nylon mesh, which grows to 4 to 5 layers as it grows. When this method works, it will be more labor-saving.
6. Based on the characteristics of the flowers, the styling uses various techniques and utilizes frames to make the plants as expected to form various geometric patterns or human-animal patterns. Used for potted flowers, or evergreen woody plants. Plant growth regulation The plant growth regulation substance is a plant hormone produced inside the plant and a chemical substance that artificially synthesizes hormone-like activity. As long as trace amounts of this substance are present, it can promote or inhibit the growth and development of plants. However, excessive use can also cause harm. The discovery of this substance provides gardeners with a control over the plant. A new method of growth and development.
1 . The types of plant growth regulators can be roughly classified into six categories, namely, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and growth retardants.
(1) Auxin Auxin is the earliest discovered plant hormone. It is widely distributed in higher plants and is concentrated in vigorously growing tissues. Commonly used are auxin-like compounds on flowers. They are acetic acid, indole acetic acid, barium butyrate, 2,4-D2, 4,5 A T and so on. It has a significant role in promoting growth, stimulating laconic activity, the formation of new roots, and the induction of parthenocarcinogenesis and fruit development. (2) Gibberellins present in plantlets, young roots, and immature seeds. Embryos, embryos and other young tissues. From many types, it can now be produced artificially by fermentation. The most used is gibberellic acid GA3. The role of gibberellin is to promote the internode elongation of plants and relieve dormancy of seeds, tubers and buds. It can partially replace the effects of low temperature and long days, promote the flowering of long-day plants and two-year-old plants, and can induce monosomies and inhibit aging. It has a great influence on the growth of shoots and a slow effect on roots.
(3) Cytokinins Cytokinins include natural kinetin and a variety of artificially synthesized homologs. Natural kinetin is present in the tips, root tips, immature seeds, germinating seeds, and growing fruits. Flower commonly used cytokinins are 6 benzyl amino purine, zeatin, kinetin, etc. Its role is to promote cell division, cell body expansion, differentiation of buds, to eliminate the top dominance, promote lateral bud growth, inhibit aging, etc. Buds have the effect of breaking the dormancy and promoting germination.
(4) Abscisic acid Abscisic acid is widely present in higher plants. Abscisic acid is found in a variety of young and old organs and tissues, but it is present in different organs and at different developmental stages, and is present in higher amounts in organs or tissues that are about to fall off or enter dormancy. The effect of abscisic acid is similar to that of short days, which can stimulate the flowering of some short-day plants, inhibit or stop flowering of some long-day plants, affect tuber formation, promote leaf senescence and dormancy.
(5) Ethylene-ethylene-wide T2# is found in a variety of plant tissues and is the highest in mature fruits. Other organs such as flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds all produce ethylene. Burning also produces ethylene. Ethylene can promote fruit discoloration and maturation, can promote defoliation and senescence, inhibit organ elongation, promote the flowering of certain plants, and promote the sexual transformation of certain plants, multiple differentiation of female flowers, but also can inhibit some flowers without differentiation. Ethylene is a gas at room temperature and its use is limited. Made in the 1960s, ethephon, which is an acidic liquid, releases ethylene gas when the acidity decreases after spraying. Its production has promoted the application of ethylene in plant growth and development. It can be used to perfuse the heart, soil, and foliar spray.
(6) Growth retardants Growth retardants have the effect of limiting stem growth and inhibiting the growth of the top of the plant and promoting the development of collateral branching.
The types of flowers used are quaternary ammonium (AmO-1618), chlormequat (ccc), succinic acid (B9), and maleic ether (MH).
2. The application of plant growth regulators in flower applications has progressed rapidly. However, it has a dual nature and proper use. It can improve the quality of flowers and save costs. It can quickly play the role of general conservation measures to prevent sheds and promote the production of flowers. Development: But if not used properly, Bellow plays the opposite role. Therefore, when using, pay attention to the types used, purulent, plant varieties, the application site on the plant, the amount used and the environmental conditions at that time (such as temperature, light, etc.). It is mostly used as a powder or solution, and the powder can be sprayed, sprinkled, rubbed, and coated. The liquid can be rooted, partially impregnated, spotted, and sprayed on stems and leaves.
The use of plant growth substances in flowers:
(1) The effect of promoting the rooting of butyric acid is obvious, and a low concentration of 2,4-D also has an effect. After use, it can promote the production of rhododendron, camellia, tea plum, sweet-scented osmanthus, mimosa, milan, magnolia, bougainvillea, purple cover and carnation. There are three ways to use the pharmaceuticals: 1 Immersion method: The easy-to-root type uses a lower concentration, and the ones that are less likely to take root use a slightly higher concentration. The base of the plug is generally impregnated with 50 to 100 PPm and the time is about 12-24 hours. 2 fast dipping method: Indole butyric acid is 500 to 1000ppm, impregnated the base of the insert for 5 to 7 seconds. 3 powder use: The compound was added to talcum powder, the dose was 0.1 to 0.3%. When used, wet the base of the insert first, then dust or dust it.
(2) Promoting seed germination The betel nut seed is soaked with 100 ppm gibberellin for 24 hours to allow early germination. Cyclamens (rabbit flowers), yellow orchids, petunias, and primroses can also germinate early in the above-mentioned treatment. The appendix lies in the use of ethephon soaking before dry storage, can make germination neat.
(3) Promote the chief executive and enhance air growth and growth, prevent aging rubber trees from being rooted by 100 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid, and then use 500ppm naphthaleneacetic acid to form a slurry. Apply to the roots and then apply to the roots. The growth will be significantly accelerated. After the cutting of the Admiralty roots, spraying with gibberellin will speed up growth.
(4) Dwarf the dendrobium species, increase branches, dense flowers, and beautiful plant shape. It can dwarf the plants of chrysanthemum, poinsettia, wood hibiscus, hibiscus, cineraria and geranium, and increase lateral branches, resulting in a dense, round shape. The amount of fb1000～3000PPmO African violet is immersed in KT stimulant for 24 hours. Petiole can produce a large number of adventitious buds; with 1% BA painted orchid roots, can promote the emergence of adventitious buds, when used in a small piece of Begonia leaf plug, so that the leaves produce a lot of adventitious buds. Poinsettia is sprayed with 500ppm, its branches are increased, the effect is the same as topping. In addition, after the three C treatments, the stalks are significantly shortened, including chrysanthemums, cockscombs, clover, carnations, amaranth, hydrangea, and glass. The use of B9 significantly shortened the plants are cosmos, marigold, zinnia, chrysanthemum and so on.
(5) Control of dormancy of 20ppm of abscisic acid can make deciduous dormancy and increase resistance of native plants. 500 to 1000 ppm of gibberellin was applied to the dormant buds of peony and peony and germination took place within a few days. 100～200å©m gibberellin impregnates the dormant bulb of tuberose, which can promote germination.
(6) Reducing respiration and prolonging the life of flowers The use of 6BA for dipping chrysanthemum, dianthus, and asparagus can reduce the respiration rate of the plants and preserve their freshness. Spraying 10 ppm gibberellin at geranium young hours increased flowering time by 2 weeks. The scopolamine immersed in a solution containing cytokinin at a certain temperature can reduce damage during transportation and enhance cold resistance.
(7) Role of floral tissue wall culture These chemicals play an important regulatory role in the formation of tissue culture organs. The most influential are auxins and cytokinins. The organ formation is controlled by the ratio of the two. When the concentration of auxin is large, the formation of roots is favored; when the cytokinin is separated, the formation of buds can be promoted.
(8) Other aspects of regulating flower development, controlling flowering, promoting stalk elongation, and promoting flowering have been described in "Flower Period Control." Chemical weeding, see the section on "cultivation and weeding". Environmental regulation is very important in order to create a suitable environment for growth according to the different needs of various flowers.
1. Temperature regulation plants not only require a certain temperature, the ground temperature of the cultivation bed and the bottom temperature of the breeding bed, but the influence on the root is often more important. Generally, the temperature should be higher than the temperature, and the daily temperature should be higher than the night temperature, otherwise the plants will not grow well. The temperature adjustment is divided into warming and cooling.
(1) Warming a field to stop the cold and wind barriers to prevent cold in the north or northwest of the planting area. The height of the wind barrier is 2.5 to 3.5 meters high, depending on the height of the plant being protected. The front and rear rakes are 60 degrees, allowing sunlight to shoot. 2 Coverage: Use more mulching. The mulch film is thin and the cost is low. It is directly laid on the ground of the seedlings and the seedlings can pierce the film to grow. In winter, sunny days increase 7°C, cloudy 5°C, and rainy 4°C. The other is to take a more than 1 meter high arched shed, with bamboo or steel as a support, covered with a plastic film. In order to increase the protection against the cold and wind, there is also an increase in the cover of the grass or reeds on top of the film. 3 greenhouses or greenhouses to prevent cold: covered with film greenhouses, larger scale, people can operate indoors, can be disassembled when not in use. The greenhouse is covered with plastic and covered with glass. It is fixed and used throughout the year. 4 Heating in the greenhouse: When the temperature of the greenhouse does not match the application, common methods of covering and warming up the indoor temperature. Cover plastic film or insulation blanket to preserve the room temperature. The heating method is flue-side. Warm and hot water. Temperature, steam heating, electric heating, infrared heating and so on.
(2) It is important to reduce the temperature and warm the winter, but it is indispensable for the summer cooling measures. Cyclamens, bulbous sea breams, and fuchsias grew badly in Shanghai because of the high temperature in summer. The convenient method is to set up a shed in the outdoor air circulation place, shading above, spraying water on the ground. The best way to reduce the temperature in the greenhouse is to use water walls to evaporate and cool down.
2. Adjustment of light There are two ways to manually adjust light: fill light and shade:
(1) The minimum of supplemental light must be above the compensation point of light, otherwise the flower cannot survive. The way to increase lighting is to use light. A 1400 watt lamp produces the same illuminance as sunlight at 2 meters from the plant. If the irradiation distance is shortened, the light intensity used can be reduced in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the plant. For the sake of economy, a white fluorescent lamp of 100-300 watts can also be used, which can also achieve certain lighting conditions to meet the growth requirements of the plant; when this light source is close to the plant, it will not burn the plant. Only 10-12% of incandescent light is used as light energy. The rest is heat energy; plants may be burned when they are close to the plant. Plant bio lamps made in recent years are more suitable for supplementing plants with light. To increase the length of the sun, use an incandescent lamp and turn on the lights in the middle of the night to stop the plants from forming flower buds in the dark period. Incandescent light has a long wave of red light, which is most effective in interrupting dark periods. Normally, light is added from 20 to 2 o'clock at night, and it can destroy the plant's accumulation of flowering substances in the dark period. Fluorescent lamps do not use long-wave red light to prevent flower bud formation and cannot be used.
(2) Shade shading with shades, shading yarns, or placing in shade. Planting shade trees also has an effect. In order to shorten the length of sunshine, shading, black cloth, black paper, black plastic film and other materials can be used to create a dense and opaque environment. The choice of shading material and shading time must consider the temperature at that time. If the shading temperature is too high, it will affect the normal growth of the plant. The shading time should be connected with the night, that is, before the sunrise or before the sun starts, so that the flowers can differentiate flower buds in the night.
3. Moisture and air conditioning (1) Regulation of water supply The water regulation of the plant is relatively simple, and the water holding capacity and drainage capacity of the soil are improved before planting. Foresee is to increase humus or other loose medium, such as bark grain, yellow sand, etc., the latter is to open open ditch, ditch or drainage system. When the site conditions meet the requirements, as long as the water is significantly dry, to supplement the natural rainfall and the lack of effective soil moisture. Potted plants, on the other hand, do not survive if they do not receive the water specifically provided for them. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the water regulation of potted plants.
1 Water temperature: The temperature of the irrigation water can not be too far away from the soil temperature, too high or too low, will cause damage to the root. The difference between the two should not exceed 5°C. In the winter, when the temperature rises, the water will be supplied. After 10 o'clock in the greenhouse, the open field will be at noon. In summer, water is supplied at low temperatures, such as morning or evening.
2 Water supply: The amount of water to be planted on the ground should be larger in order to maintain a longer phoenix but the amount of water supplied by the potted plants should be just right. After sufficient water supply, the second water supply must wait until the water content in the pot is nearly depleted. In particular, in the winter season, more attention should be paid. If the drainage of potted plants is in good condition, the plant species is single, and the plant size is similar, it is not necessary to check the pots one by one, and at the same time, water is supplied. Otherwise, it depends on the need of each plant to determine how much The amount of water supplied, and whether the water supply is appropriate, needs to be grasped based on experience.For example, potted plants in the open season should be filled with water once a day in the summer, but in the afternoon, they need to check only if there is slight wilting water supply to the leaves. All of them are slightly wilting, and all of them are fed with water.The potted plants in the greenhouse are generally loose and well drained.In the summer, they can be poured in the morning. In the afternoon, they generally do not need water supply, but they need to be checked once. After a full amount of water in the winter, unless High indoor temperature, strong plant growth, potted plants in the flowering period, second watering in two or three days; Plants should be spaced at a longer interval, and those who prefer wet, large leaves, and soft flowers should have more irrigation water due to the loss of water from the surface, hi-dry, small leaves, and a hard cuticle or waxy layer. Rough, hairy, less water loss, less irrigation, more water required for flower growth than dormancy, muddy basin, good ventilation, potted soil, more irrigation times, and purple sand basin, glazed pot air permeability is poor. The soil is not easy and the number of irrigations is less.
3 irrigation method: a. Sprinkler irrigation: For flowers cultivated in a large area and with a single species, a single spray is required even if the root distribution layer sucks enough water. Water should be sprayed in the morning and evening in summer, which can increase the humidity of the small environment, keep the plants fresh and cool down. b. Drip irrigation: It uses a large number of thin tubes such as rubber and plastic tubes to allow water to be absorbed by the flowers drop by drop. For a single cultivar, this method can be used for planting plants in different sizes. It is easy to manage, saves water, and can be combined with liquid fertilization. C, manual irrigation: according to the wet conditions of the flower soil, the size of the plants, pots, one by one, watering, suitable for indoor plants in the office, home, hotel. d. Pelvic water absorption: The flower beds placed in greenhouses are made into flat and impervious bottoms. With or without water pad or other materials, people can cause excessive water absorption, and they can keep the medium moist at all times, and can supply fertilizer and water at the same time. Make the plants grow well. With this method of water supply, the pelvic floor cannot be shredded so as not to block the inhalation of moisture.
(2) Adjustment of the air humidity The air humidity shows that the content of water vapor in the air varies depending on the environment, the season, and the weather. According to various flowers in different periods of the air humidity requirements and regulation. For example, newly transplanted seedlings need greater air humidity to reduce evaporation and prevent wilting; orchids, ferns, Araceae and other tropical rain forest plants also need high-humidity environment to grow well; In case of air-drying, they often fall and fall buds; cactaceae plants and other more-slurry plants often become moldy and rot in the wet environment. The method to increase the air humidity is to spray water or cover and block the wind; the method of reducing the humidity in the air is ventilation.
(3) Regulation of air Carbon dioxide (co2), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) are gases beneficial to plants in the air. The content constant of carbon dioxide in air is 0.032%, which is not enough for plant applications. Oxygen content in the air is 21%, generally not lacking. The content of nitrogen in the air is 78%, but it can only be used by plants with rhizobia. Various gases in the atmosphere continue to flow, keeping their components constant and unable to be manually controlled. However, in a confined greenhouse, gas exchange with the outside world is not possible or minimal, which may cause a certain gas to accumulate or be depleted. In the sun, greenhouse plants will soon use up the carbon dioxide in the room and hinder normal photosynthesis. Therefore, ventilation and ventilation is a measure of greenhouse management to maintain the development of photosynthesis. In recent years, measures to supplement carbon dioxide in greenhouses have had some effect on improving the yield and quality of flowers. The addition of carbon dioxide increases the profitability of carnations significantly, and supplementing carbon dioxide in winter can increase the output from April to May and increase the grade of flowers. The same is true for rose flowers. Adding carbon dioxide to chrysanthemum and increasing temperature at the same time can increase the growth of stems and increase the dry weight; it can promote rooting and increase the flowering rate of geranium. To use sulfur-free carbon dioxide, increase the amount of air to account for 1000-1200ppm. Use on sunny days, use less or less on cloudy days. The application time is related to the temperature at that time, and greenhouse doors and windows should be closed. Although oxygen in the air will not be lacking, window opening and ventilation are still indispensable management measures. The importance of fresh air to the growth of flowers has increasingly attracted the attention of the horticultural community. Ventilation facilities are often added indoors. The dormant period and the seed storage period require less oxygen, and the seed germination and flowering require large amounts of oxygen. There are also gases that harm plants in the air. Some of them come from the factory's exhaust gas, and some also come from the materials needed for the gardening work itself, such as fertilizing, pest control and weed killing agents, organic matter spoilage, and flower's own breathing. There are many gases that harm plants in the air, mainly chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ethylene, and fluorine. Although it is a trace, it is very harmful. Therefore, the production base should choose pollution-free areas.
1. The trough transplant is to expand the spacing of seedlings of various types of seedlings, so that the seedlings obtain sufficient nutrition, light and air, and at the same time cut off the main roots of the seedlings during transplantation, so that the seedlings can produce more lateral roots and develop well Roots help it grow. Before transplanting, the seedlings sown are usually planted with sparse seedlings to remove oversized, thin or diseased seedlings. The thinned seedlings can also be planted separately. To transplant the seedlings for the first time in 4 to 5 tablets. Potted seedlings often begin transplanting when 1 to 2 true leaves appear. The size of transplanted plants varies depending on the size of the seedlings, the growth rate of the seedlings, and the length of the bed after transplantation. The preparation of the nursery seedling transplant bed is basically the same as the seedbed seedbed. When transplanting, the soil should be properly dried and wetted. Usually it should be transplanted when the soil is dry. However, when the soil is too dry, the seedlings are easily wilted. The water should be poured on the steamed buns on the day before planting until the water on the grains rises. When the hand shifts Tan. When the soil is wet, not only is it inconvenient to operate, but also the soil is hardened after the seedlings are plucked, which is unfavorable for seedling growth. Do not press too tightly when transplanting, so as not to injure the hate department. When the water is poured, the soil particles will sink with the water and can be connected with the root system. Transplantation is best done without wind and cloudy weather. If the weather is clear, strong, and hot, it should be transplanted in the evening. Before transplanting, distinguish the species and avoid mixing. When digging seedlings cut off the main root, do not hurt the roots, as much as possible with escort root transplant. Digging seedlings and planting should be coordinated, with digging and planting. If the wind is big, it will evaporate strongly and the cubs will be covered to cover the shade. The transplant hole should be slightly larger to allow the root to stretch. The planting depth must be the same as the original planting depth, or 1-2 cm deeper. Too shallow and easy to fall; if it is too deep, it is not well developed. Immediately after planting, it should be fully watered and re-poured once to ensure sufficient quantity. When it is dry, it is necessary to water while planting. In the early summer of transplanting, shade should be used to reduce evaporation and avoid wilting.
2. Colonization and colonization include transplanting large seedlings, potted seedlings, stored bulbs, and perennial flowers and books, and planting them in places that are no longer moving. Before planting, it is necessary to improve the soil structure, adjust the pH, and improve drainage conditions according to the needs of the plants. Generally, the plants need fertile, loose and well-drained soil. Fertilizers can be mixed during site preparation or applied to caverns after digging. The distance between plants used in colonization should be determined according to the size of the adult plant or the requirements for planting. Digging seedlings, generally should be taken with root protection soil, soil too wet or too dry cadres should not dig seedlings, with soil depending on the size of the root system. Falling tree species do not have to carry soil during planting. Evergreen plants and species that are difficult to transplant must have complete mud packs and must be tied with straw ropes. To open a hole when planting, the hole should be larger or deeper than the seedling's root system or mudball. Then, about 2/3 of the hole soil is shoveled into the hole, shake the seedlings to make the soil particles and the root system closely, then press the soil around the root system, and finally fill the soil hole with loose soil to make it level with the ground and slightly concave. Water 2 times immediately after seeding. After planting seedlings of grass seedlings, they will be watered again the next day. In the early stage of planting bulb flowers, it is generally not necessary to water. If it is too dry, it should be poured once. The perennial flower and the flower of the large plant must be combined with hate trimming, and the roots, roots and roots must be cut off. After planting large saplings, they must also set up pillars or set rope traction in three diagonals to prevent dumping. Potted potted plants can move freely depending on the greening of the courtyard and the interior needs. However, due to the growth of flower pots, it requires more detailed maintenance and management.
1. Small pot seedlings were transplanted into the pots. Sometimes they were transplanted for the first time in the sowing pots. The sowing pots with a diameter of 30 cm could transplant about 60 strains. The medium is similar to the sowing culture soil. If the seedlings are too crowded, they usually appear when the leaves are transplanted, or transplanted after the cotyledons have been developed. The distance between seedlings is 1 to 2 cm. Use pointed bamboo chopsticks to dig seedlings, then use it to insert a hole and plant seedlings in the hole. The planting depth should be appropriate so as not to bury the cotyledons and the growth point as degree, and then use a fine sprayer to spray water, or use a water-absorption method until all the soil in the pot is soaked out and put in half. Before using the water-absorption method, the pelvic floor hole should be well cushioned, and the medium should be pressed tightly. Otherwise, when the water is immersed, the medium will loosen and overflow from the basin hole.
2. Upper Basin (1) Preparation Workshop There must be a work station in the studio. There must be a shelf for storage of culture soil and flower pots, and there is a car for transporting potted plants. This can improve ergonomics. Also prepare in advance the pelvic floor drainage hole broken pieces.
(2) Operation 1 Wash basin: Cover the drainage hole with at least 3 pieces of broken pelvic discs, so that the concave surface faces down, and it is required to block the drainage hole, so that the soil does not block the drainage hole, and the water in the basin can be discharged slowly. When using a water-absorbing edge or a similar method of irrigating the pelvic floor with water, the pelvic floor should be covered or not, and as long as there is a layer of water-absorbing material, such as sphagnum moss, on the pelvic floor.
2 on the basin process: In the well-paved pots, first add coarse-grained medium to ensure smooth drainage, then a thousand holding seedlings, righting plants, stand in the center of the pot and master the planting depth; the other hand plus culture medium, Fill the gap around the root until it is full. The depth of planting should suit the size of the seedlings. Then vibrate the pot and press the medium with your fingers so that the surface of the medium is 1 to 2 cm below the edge of the pot. After putting on the basin, immediately pour enough water so that the water is discharged from the bottom hole. After the water is drained, water it again. The seedlings in the early stages of the basin need to be shaded, and generally need to be 3 to 7 large to restore growth.
3, turning pots and basins is to change pots from small pots to large pots, but there are only soil changeable pots. The basin change method is the same as the upper basin.
(1) When potted plants need to be turned over. 1 The seedlings grow, and the fibrous roots have been drained.
2 After the plants have rested, they must turn over the pots before resuming growth, replace the new soil, and clean up the roots.
3 Seedlings have grown too long and require ramets.
4 Potted plants have been for 2 to 3 years and need to be replaced with culture soil.
(2) Inverting the basin is to pour the flower seedlings from the original flowerpot. Do not pour water before pouring pots, so that the basin soil is properly dried, so that the mud can be easily poured out. When it fell down, holding the pot in one hand and making a fist in one hand, tapping on the edge of the potted tub to make the mud leave itself out. If you have a big basin, you can put the pot side down on the wooden block, tap the edge of the pot, loosen the mud mass, hold the mud with your hands, and take it out again. If it is a large cylinder, two people are required to operate it. First use a bamboo stick to dig out the potted soil, and then pour the pot; when the pot is poured, it is necessary to support the plants well, so as not to be damaged by the mud.
(3) Mud treatment Strip the plant sludge from some of the top and surrounding soil and pelvic pelvic fragments. Cut off the long and injured roots and put them on the basin. If the basin is full of new white roots, it can be fully swapped into big pots. For many years, large seedlings of potted plants and roots with miscellaneous discs often need bamboo sticks to remove the soil between the roots and then change the pots. Some precious species with fleshy roots, such as orchids, peony, and clivia, etc., should be washed, dried, and then put on pots. If the pendulum is placed in an open soil nursery bed, it should be covered with a black plastic film to prevent weed growth, worming into the drainage holes and drainage holes being blocked by ground mud. The cultivator and weed cultivator are the work to loosen the plant's rhizosphere soil during flower growth. Through the cultivator, the capillary on the surface of the soil can be cut off to reduce the evaporation of water; the pores in the topsoil can be increased to contain more air; and the decomposition of nutrients in the soil can be promoted, which is beneficial to the utilization of roots for moisture and nutrients. After the shower or large amount of irrigation and when the soil is compacted, cultivator should be cultivated. In the base of the seedlings should be shallow ploughing, the spacing can be slightly deep. Carnations and other shallow-rooted plants do not cultivate mid-tillage to avoid cutting off the root system; the plants do not cultivate after being covered with soil. Soils that are not ploughed can cover coverings, such as bark, crushed rice, wheat straw, etc., and can also serve as cultivators. The purpose of weeding is to remove field weeds so that they do not compete with seedlings for moisture, nutrients and sunlight. Weeds are also often the host of pests and diseases. Therefore, it must be completely removed to ensure the health of the flowers. Weeding in addition to removing the net early, do not wait until the disaster and then hands, in particular, in addition to clearing before the knot, so as not to cause grassland, there are many ways weeding, hand-tapped and mechanical tillage. In recent years, more chemical herbicides have been used. If used properly, they can save labor and time. But pay attention to safety, according to the type of crop properly use suitable herbicides, the concentration of use, methods and dosage, according to the instructions.
1. Herbicide types: roughly divided into four categories:
(1) Inactivated: Indiscriminately kills all plants. Such as sodium pentachlorophenol, paraquat.
(2) Selective: Selective killing of weeds has different effects on crops, such as 2,4-D-fat.
(3) Systemic: The herbicide can be absorbed into the plants through the stems, leaves or through the roots of the grass, and it can destroy the internal structure and disrupt the physiological balance, thus causing the plants to die. Absorbed by stems and leaves, such as glyphosate. Absorbed through the roots, such as Simazin.
(4) Contacting: Herbicide kills only the part of the plant that is in direct contact and is not effective on untouched parts. Such as herbicide ether.
2. Common chemical herbicides (1) Herbicidal ether: WP. Inactivated contact herbicides are effective under conditions of sunlight, high temperatures, and moist soils. At temperatures below 20C, efficacy is poor. The effect of killing the seed-producing young grass is good, and the efficacy of the grass growing up as seedlings is small. The residual period is 20-40 days.
(2) Phenylether: 20% emulsion, inactivated contact herbicide. In the sun, the drug effect responds quickly and is affected little by temperature. It can kill a variety of primary germinating weeds, but it is not effective for the growth of mixed herbs, often before or during the germination of the weeds. The residual period is 20 to 30 days.
(3) sodium pentachlorophenol: powder and granules. Inactivated contact herbicides. The effect of killing the weeds that germinated at the beginning is large, and the effect on the weediness of the ratooning and the grown up is poor. Residual period of 3 to 7 days.
(4) Praxanthine: 50% WP. Efficient suction herbicides. A wide range of grass killing, long duration of efficacy. Soil treatment is usually done before planting, and it can be used during seedling emergence. The spring potted plants are used before the pots and are valid for over 60 years.
(5) Diflubenzuron: 25% wettable powder. Inactivated systemic herbicides also have a certain contact killing effect. They can kill a wide range of grasses. In addition to annual grasses, they are also effective for perennial deep-rooted grasses, and are generally used for soil treatment.
(6) Diuron: 25% wettable powder. Herbicides are sucked into the roots. When stems absorb less, kill a wide range of grass, in the germination of weeds for the treatment of soil. The residual period is 50 to 70 days.
(7) Green mellon: 25% wettable powder. Inhalation of herbicides in the roots, but also the face contact effect, does not affect the germination after treatment, but when the weeds grow to a certain time, due to the destruction of photosynthesis and death.
(8) 2, 4 - D: right highly selective herbicide. Soil treatment when the weeds germinate has the best effect, and the stem and leaf jets can also receive better results. The role of killing dicotyledonous plants is strong and is not effective against monocotyledons. Suitable for use on lawns where plants are planted.
(9) Glyphosate, also known as glyphosate, is a 10 to 16% dark thirst-colored liquid that kills broad-spectrum herbicides and kills perennial weeds. Spray the stems and leaves when used.
(10) Paraquat: 5-20% aqueous solution. Inactivated contact herbicides. The effect of killing annual plants is good. For deep-rooted weeds, they can only kill their green parts and inhibit their growth.
(11) Thatch, also known as Drapeng: 87% WP. The systemic herbicide can be used for soil treatment and also for stem and leaf spray. It has a good effect on single-time plants and has a poor effect on double-leaf plants. The use of blending with prazomide, herbicidal ether, etc. can expand the range of herbicide, increase the efficacy of herbicide, and extend the duration of efficacy.
(12) Simazine: 50% WP. Highly selective herbicides within the system. Suitable for soil treatment. Slow response to pharmacodynamics, killing a wide range of grass. It is effective in killing annual weeds and has poor effects on perennial deep-rooted weeds, but it can also cause death when used in large doses. The residual effect is very long.
Shaping
1. Topping the heart is to remove the tips of the growing shoots. It can promote the germination of collaterals, increase the number of flowering branches, make the plants dwarf, round the plant shape, flowering and orderly; also have the effect of inhibiting growth and delaying flowering.
2. Trimming hard woody flowers, you need to use tools to cut or truncate the branches called pruning. Points sparse pruning and short pruning are two. The pruning pruning only cuts out the diseased branches, larvae, overlapping branches, over dense branches, thin and weak branches and legless branches, so that the interior of the plant is airy and transparent, the branches are evenly distributed, and the nutrients are concentratedly used on the effective branches to promote growth and flowering. Short cut pruning is to cut most of the branches, maintain a certain tree posture, and promote new shoots. The flowering flowers on the fresh shoots of the year can be cut short at the base of the shoots during the dormancy period to reduce the starting point of the new shoots in the following year and dwarf the plants; this kind of pruning is also called turning back. For flowers that bloom on biennial branches, because their flower buds were formed in the previous year, pruning should be carried out immediately after flowering so that it can germinate new branches early and prepare for flowering the following year. Flowers that bloom on the branches of the year, as soon as they are trimmed after the flowers, may bloom again. When pruning, pay attention to the direction of leaving the shoots. When new shoots are needed to grow upwards, leave the inner shoots; when new shoots are developed outward, leave the outer shoots. Cut the mouth into a bevel, smooth, leaving the buds should be cut in the other side, cut mouth is 1 cm higher than the remaining buds, not too high or too low. If you cut the entire branch, it should be close to the bifurcation, do not leave stumps.
3. Picking, picking, and picking the leaves is the removal of aging, deprivation-consuming nutrients, and leaves that affect flower buds. After some flowers are dormant, the leaves are disorderly, the size of the leaves is not neat, and the length of the petiole is also very different. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out and remove disproportionate timepieces. The first one is to remove the spent flowers. If the azalea blossoms, the residual flowers will not fall for a long time, but the growth of young shoots and shoots will be affected and they need to be removed. The second is the removal of unusable flowers with excessive growth and incomplete rigidity. Picking fruits is to remove unwanted small fruits.
4. Peeling and bud peeling is the removal of young lateral buds from the upper part of the shoot at the base. Its purpose is to reduce excessive side branches, so as not to impede ventilation and light transmission, nutrient dispersion; so that the remaining branches grow vigorously and improve the quality of flowering. After the buds are formed, in order to ensure the nutrition of the main buds, the buds are stripped to improve the flowering quality. Sometimes, in order to adjust the flowering speed, the whole plant flowers are neat and open, and the buds are divided several times and the buds are small. The shoots were stripped on the side of the buds, and the flower buds were later peeled off. Finally, the buds on each branch were similar in size, and the flowering size was similar.
5. Branches that bind certain potted flowers or cut flowers and stems are soft and easy to bend or fall down; or stems are slender and brittle, and are easily blown by the wind; therefore, they need to be supported during the growth period, that is, they are tied. The supporting material is fine bamboo, bamboo sticks or hard plastic rods, and the ligating material is brown, brown or nylon.
There are three ways to bind:
(1) Each branch shall be provided with a pillar to tie the branches to the branch. To prevent the pillars from being worn, the plant stems shall be tied separately from the pillars.
(2) Insert 3 to 4 pillars around the plant, and then use a ligating material to tie each pillar in a circle around the plant, so that the plant lives in the center.
(3) The two heads of the cultivating crickets are supported to live on each side. Vertical bamboo culms are set up on both sides of the crickets, and then a vertical and horizontal network is formed by licking materials. The meshes are about 10 to 15 centimeters, so that the plant twigs extend the mesh in natural growth; When the headmaster is 25 to 30 centimeters, an additional layer is needed, which generally requires three floors. Used for cutting flowers. It can also be replaced with a prefabricated nylon mesh, which grows to 4 to 5 layers as it grows. When this method works, it will be more labor-saving.
6. Based on the characteristics of the flowers, the styling uses various techniques and utilizes frames to make the plants as expected to form various geometric patterns or human-animal patterns. Used for potted flowers, or evergreen woody plants. Plant growth regulation The plant growth regulation substance is a plant hormone produced inside the plant and a chemical substance that artificially synthesizes hormone-like activity. As long as trace amounts of this substance are present, it can promote or inhibit the growth and development of plants. However, excessive use can also cause harm. The discovery of this substance provides gardeners with a control over the plant. A new method of growth and development.
1 . The types of plant growth regulators can be roughly classified into six categories, namely, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and growth retardants.
(1) Auxin Auxin is the earliest discovered plant hormone. It is widely distributed in higher plants and is concentrated in vigorously growing tissues. Commonly used are auxin-like compounds on flowers. They are acetic acid, indole acetic acid, barium butyrate, 2,4-D2, 4,5 A T and so on. It has a significant role in promoting growth, stimulating laconic activity, the formation of new roots, and the induction of parthenocarcinogenesis and fruit development. (2) Gibberellins present in plantlets, young roots, and immature seeds. Embryos, embryos and other young tissues. From many types, it can now be produced artificially by fermentation. The most used is gibberellic acid GA3. The role of gibberellin is to promote the internode elongation of plants and relieve dormancy of seeds, tubers and buds. It can partially replace the effects of low temperature and long days, promote the flowering of long-day plants and two-year-old plants, and can induce monosomies and inhibit aging. It has a great influence on the growth of shoots and a slow effect on roots.
(3) Cytokinins Cytokinins include natural kinetin and a variety of artificially synthesized homologs. Natural kinetin is present in the tips, root tips, immature seeds, germinating seeds, and growing fruits. Flower commonly used cytokinins are 6 benzyl amino purine, zeatin, kinetin, etc. Its role is to promote cell division, cell body expansion, differentiation of buds, to eliminate the top dominance, promote lateral bud growth, inhibit aging, etc. Buds have the effect of breaking the dormancy and promoting germination.
(4) Abscisic acid Abscisic acid is widely present in higher plants. Abscisic acid is found in a variety of young and old organs and tissues, but it is present in different organs and at different developmental stages, and is present in higher amounts in organs or tissues that are about to fall off or enter dormancy. The effect of abscisic acid is similar to that of short days, which can stimulate the flowering of some short-day plants, inhibit or stop flowering of some long-day plants, affect tuber formation, promote leaf senescence and dormancy.
(5) Ethylene-ethylene-wide T2# is found in a variety of plant tissues and is the highest in mature fruits. Other organs such as flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds all produce ethylene. Burning also produces ethylene. Ethylene can promote fruit discoloration and maturation, can promote defoliation and senescence, inhibit organ elongation, promote the flowering of certain plants, and promote the sexual transformation of certain plants, multiple differentiation of female flowers, but also can inhibit some flowers without differentiation. Ethylene is a gas at room temperature and its use is limited. Made in the 1960s, ethephon, which is an acidic liquid, releases ethylene gas when the acidity decreases after spraying. Its production has promoted the application of ethylene in plant growth and development. It can be used to perfuse the heart, soil, and foliar spray.
(6) Growth retardants Growth retardants have the effect of limiting stem growth and inhibiting the growth of the top of the plant and promoting the development of collateral branching.
The types of flowers used are quaternary ammonium (AmO-1618), chlormequat (ccc), succinic acid (B9), and maleic ether (MH).
2. The application of plant growth regulators in flower applications has progressed rapidly. However, it has a dual nature and proper use. It can improve the quality of flowers and save costs. It can quickly play the role of general conservation measures to prevent sheds and promote the production of flowers. Development: But if not used properly, Bellow plays the opposite role. Therefore, when using, pay attention to the types used, purulent, plant varieties, the application site on the plant, the amount used and the environmental conditions at that time (such as temperature, light, etc.). It is mostly used as a powder or solution, and the powder can be sprayed, sprinkled, rubbed, and coated. The liquid can be rooted, partially impregnated, spotted, and sprayed on stems and leaves.
The use of plant growth substances in flowers:
(1) The effect of promoting the rooting of butyric acid is obvious, and a low concentration of 2,4-D also has an effect. After use, it can promote the production of rhododendron, camellia, tea plum, sweet-scented osmanthus, mimosa, milan, magnolia, bougainvillea, purple cover and carnation. There are three ways to use the pharmaceuticals: 1 Immersion method: The easy-to-root type uses a lower concentration, and the ones that are less likely to take root use a slightly higher concentration. The base of the plug is generally impregnated with 50 to 100 PPm and the time is about 12-24 hours. 2 fast dipping method: Indole butyric acid is 500 to 1000ppm, impregnated the base of the insert for 5 to 7 seconds. 3 powder use: The compound was added to talcum powder, the dose was 0.1 to 0.3%. When used, wet the base of the insert first, then dust or dust it.
(2) Promoting seed germination The betel nut seed is soaked with 100 ppm gibberellin for 24 hours to allow early germination. Cyclamens (rabbit flowers), yellow orchids, petunias, and primroses can also germinate early in the above-mentioned treatment. The appendix lies in the use of ethephon soaking before dry storage, can make germination neat.
(3) Promote the chief executive and enhance air growth and growth, prevent aging rubber trees from being rooted by 100 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid, and then use 500ppm naphthaleneacetic acid to form a slurry. Apply to the roots and then apply to the roots. The growth will be significantly accelerated. After the cutting of the Admiralty roots, spraying with gibberellin will speed up growth.
(4) Dwarf the dendrobium species, increase branches, dense flowers, and beautiful plant shape. It can dwarf the plants of chrysanthemum, poinsettia, wood hibiscus, hibiscus, cineraria and geranium, and increase lateral branches, resulting in a dense, round shape. The amount of fb1000～3000PPmO African violet is immersed in KT stimulant for 24 hours. Petiole can produce a large number of adventitious buds; with 1% BA painted orchid roots, can promote the emergence of adventitious buds, when used in a small piece of Begonia leaf plug, so that the leaves produce a lot of adventitious buds. Poinsettia is sprayed with 500ppm, its branches are increased, the effect is the same as topping. In addition, after the three C treatments, the stalks are significantly shortened, including chrysanthemums, cockscombs, clover, carnations, amaranth, hydrangea, and glass. The use of B9 significantly shortened the plants are cosmos, marigold, zinnia, chrysanthemum and so on.
(5) Control of dormancy of 20ppm of abscisic acid can make deciduous dormancy and increase resistance of native plants. 500 to 1000 ppm of gibberellin was applied to the dormant buds of peony and peony and germination took place within a few days. 100～200å©m gibberellin impregnates the dormant bulb of tuberose, which can promote germination.
(6) Reducing respiration and prolonging the life of flowers The use of 6BA for dipping chrysanthemum, dianthus, and asparagus can reduce the respiration rate of the plants and preserve their freshness. Spraying 10 ppm gibberellin at geranium young hours increased flowering time by 2 weeks. The scopolamine immersed in a solution containing cytokinin at a certain temperature can reduce damage during transportation and enhance cold resistance.
(7) Role of floral tissue wall culture These chemicals play an important regulatory role in the formation of tissue culture organs. The most influential are auxins and cytokinins. The organ formation is controlled by the ratio of the two. When the concentration of auxin is large, the formation of roots is favored; when the cytokinin is separated, the formation of buds can be promoted.
(8) Other aspects of regulating flower development, controlling flowering, promoting stalk elongation, and promoting flowering have been described in "Flower Period Control." Chemical weeding, see the section on "cultivation and weeding". Environmental regulation is very important in order to create a suitable environment for growth according to the different needs of various flowers.
1. Temperature regulation plants not only require a certain temperature, the ground temperature of the cultivation bed and the bottom temperature of the breeding bed, but the influence on the root is often more important. Generally, the temperature should be higher than the temperature, and the daily temperature should be higher than the night temperature, otherwise the plants will not grow well. The temperature adjustment is divided into warming and cooling.
(1) Warming a field to stop the cold and wind barriers to prevent cold in the north or northwest of the planting area. The height of the wind barrier is 2.5 to 3.5 meters high, depending on the height of the plant being protected. The front and rear rakes are 60 degrees, allowing sunlight to shoot. 2 Coverage: Use more mulching. The mulch film is thin and the cost is low. It is directly laid on the ground of the seedlings and the seedlings can pierce the film to grow. In winter, sunny days increase 7°C, cloudy 5°C, and rainy 4°C. The other is to take a more than 1 meter high arched shed, with bamboo or steel as a support, covered with a plastic film. In order to increase the protection against the cold and wind, there is also an increase in the cover of the grass or reeds on top of the film. 3 greenhouses or greenhouses to prevent cold: covered with film greenhouses, larger scale, people can operate indoors, can be disassembled when not in use. The greenhouse is covered with plastic and covered with glass. It is fixed and used throughout the year. 4 Heating in the greenhouse: When the temperature of the greenhouse does not match the application, common methods of covering and warming up the indoor temperature. Cover plastic film or insulation blanket to preserve the room temperature. The heating method is flue-side. Warm and hot water. Temperature, steam heating, electric heating, infrared heating and so on.
(2) It is important to reduce the temperature and warm the winter, but it is indispensable for the summer cooling measures. Cyclamens, bulbous sea breams, and fuchsias grew badly in Shanghai because of the high temperature in summer. The convenient method is to set up a shed in the outdoor air circulation place, shading above, spraying water on the ground. The best way to reduce the temperature in the greenhouse is to use water walls to evaporate and cool down.
2. Adjustment of light There are two ways to manually adjust light: fill light and shade:
(1) The minimum of supplemental light must be above the compensation point of light, otherwise the flower cannot survive. The way to increase lighting is to use light. A 1400 watt lamp produces the same illuminance as sunlight at 2 meters from the plant. If the irradiation distance is shortened, the light intensity used can be reduced in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the plant. For the sake of economy, a white fluorescent lamp of 100-300 watts can also be used, which can also achieve certain lighting conditions to meet the growth requirements of the plant; when this light source is close to the plant, it will not burn the plant. Only 10-12% of incandescent light is used as light energy. The rest is heat energy; plants may be burned when they are close to the plant. Plant bio lamps made in recent years are more suitable for supplementing plants with light. To increase the length of the sun, use an incandescent lamp and turn on the lights in the middle of the night to stop the plants from forming flower buds in the dark period. Incandescent light has a long wave of red light, which is most effective in interrupting dark periods. Normally, light is added from 20 to 2 o'clock at night, and it can destroy the plant's accumulation of flowering substances in the dark period. Fluorescent lamps do not use long-wave red light to prevent flower bud formation and cannot be used.
(2) Shade shading with shades, shading yarns, or placing in shade. Planting shade trees also has an effect. In order to shorten the length of sunshine, shading, black cloth, black paper, black plastic film and other materials can be used to create a dense and opaque environment. The choice of shading material and shading time must consider the temperature at that time. If the shading temperature is too high, it will affect the normal growth of the plant. The shading time should be connected with the night, that is, before the sunrise or before the sun starts, so that the flowers can differentiate flower buds in the night.
3. Moisture and air conditioning (1) Regulation of water supply The water regulation of the plant is relatively simple, and the water holding capacity and drainage capacity of the soil are improved before planting. Foresee is to increase humus or other loose medium, such as bark grain, yellow sand, etc., the latter is to open open ditch, ditch or drainage system. When the site conditions meet the requirements, as long as the water is significantly dry, to supplement the natural rainfall and the lack of effective soil moisture. Potted plants, on the other hand, do not survive if they do not receive the water specifically provided for them. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the water regulation of potted plants.
1 Water temperature: The temperature of the irrigation water can not be too far away from the soil temperature, too high or too low, will cause damage to the root. The difference between the two should not exceed 5°C. In the winter, when the temperature rises, the water will be supplied. After 10 o'clock in the greenhouse, the open field will be at noon. In summer, water is supplied at low temperatures, such as morning or evening.
2 Water supply: The amount of water to be planted on the ground should be larger in order to maintain a longer phoenix but the amount of water supplied by the potted plants should be just right. After sufficient water supply, the second water supply must wait until the water content in the pot is nearly depleted. In particular, in the winter season, more attention should be paid. If the drainage of potted plants is in good condition, the plant species is single, and the plant size is similar, it is not necessary to check the pots one by one, and at the same time, water is supplied. Otherwise, it depends on the need of each plant to determine how much The amount of water supplied, and whether the water supply is appropriate, needs to be grasped based on experience.For example, potted plants in the open season should be filled with water once a day in the summer, but in the afternoon, they need to check only if there is slight wilting water supply to the leaves. All of them are slightly wilting, and all of them are fed with water.The potted plants in the greenhouse are generally loose and well drained.In the summer, they can be poured in the morning. In the afternoon, they generally do not need water supply, but they need to be checked once. After a full amount of water in the winter, unless High indoor temperature, strong plant growth, potted plants in the flowering period, second watering in two or three days; Plants should be spaced at a longer interval, and those who prefer wet, large leaves, and soft flowers should have more irrigation water due to the loss of water from the surface, hi-dry, small leaves, and a hard cuticle or waxy layer. Rough, hairy, less water loss, less irrigation, more water required for flower growth than dormancy, muddy basin, good ventilation, potted soil, more irrigation times, and purple sand basin, glazed pot air permeability is poor. The soil is not easy and the number of irrigations is less.
3 irrigation method: a. Sprinkler irrigation: For flowers cultivated in a large area and with a single species, a single spray is required even if the root distribution layer sucks enough water. Water should be sprayed in the morning and evening in summer, which can increase the humidity of the small environment, keep the plants fresh and cool down. b. Drip irrigation: It uses a large number of thin tubes such as rubber and plastic tubes to allow water to be absorbed by the flowers drop by drop. For a single cultivar, this method can be used for planting plants in different sizes. It is easy to manage, saves water, and can be combined with liquid fertilization. C, manual irrigation: according to the wet conditions of the flower soil, the size of the plants, pots, one by one, watering, suitable for indoor plants in the office, home, hotel. d. Pelvic water absorption: The flower beds placed in greenhouses are made into flat and impervious bottoms. With or without water pad or other materials, people can cause excessive water absorption, and they can keep the medium moist at all times, and can supply fertilizer and water at the same time. Make the plants grow well. With this method of water supply, the pelvic floor cannot be shredded so as not to block the inhalation of moisture.
(2) Adjustment of the air humidity The air humidity shows that the content of water vapor in the air varies depending on the environment, the season, and the weather. According to various flowers in different periods of the air humidity requirements and regulation. For example, newly transplanted seedlings need greater air humidity to reduce evaporation and prevent wilting; orchids, ferns, Araceae and other tropical rain forest plants also need high-humidity environment to grow well; In case of air-drying, they often fall and fall buds; cactaceae plants and other more-slurry plants often become moldy and rot in the wet environment. The method to increase the air humidity is to spray water or cover and block the wind; the method of reducing the humidity in the air is ventilation.
(3) Regulation of air Carbon dioxide (co2), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) are gases beneficial to plants in the air. The content constant of carbon dioxide in air is 0.032%, which is not enough for plant applications. Oxygen content in the air is 21%, generally not lacking. The content of nitrogen in the air is 78%, but it can only be used by plants with rhizobia. Various gases in the atmosphere continue to flow, keeping their components constant and unable to be manually controlled. However, in a confined greenhouse, gas exchange with the outside world is not possible or minimal, which may cause a certain gas to accumulate or be depleted. In the sun, greenhouse plants will soon use up the carbon dioxide in the room and hinder normal photosynthesis. Therefore, ventilation and ventilation is a measure of greenhouse management to maintain the development of photosynthesis. In recent years, measures to supplement carbon dioxide in greenhouses have had some effect on improving the yield and quality of flowers. The addition of carbon dioxide increases the profitability of carnations significantly, and supplementing carbon dioxide in winter can increase the output from April to May and increase the grade of flowers. The same is true for rose flowers. Adding carbon dioxide to chrysanthemum and increasing temperature at the same time can increase the growth of stems and increase the dry weight; it can promote rooting and increase the flowering rate of geranium. To use sulfur-free carbon dioxide, increase the amount of air to account for 1000-1200ppm. Use on sunny days, use less or less on cloudy days. The application time is related to the temperature at that time, and greenhouse doors and windows should be closed. Although oxygen in the air will not be lacking, window opening and ventilation are still indispensable management measures. The importance of fresh air to the growth of flowers has increasingly attracted the attention of the horticultural community. Ventilation facilities are often added indoors. The dormant period and the seed storage period require less oxygen, and the seed germination and flowering require large amounts of oxygen. There are also gases that harm plants in the air. Some of them come from the factory's exhaust gas, and some also come from the materials needed for the gardening work itself, such as fertilizing, pest control and weed killing agents, organic matter spoilage, and flower's own breathing. There are many gases that harm plants in the air, mainly chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ethylene, and fluorine. Although it is a trace, it is very harmful. Therefore, the production base should choose pollution-free areas.
Florfenicol Injection is indicated for preventive and therapeutic treatment of respiratory tract infections in cattle due to Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni. The presence of the disease in the herd should be established before preventive treatment. It is additionally indicated for treatment of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in pigs caused by strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida susceptible to Florfenicol.
Florfenicol
Florfenicol Injection,Florfenicol Metronidazole,Florfenicol Oral Solution,Florfenicol Oral Solution For Animal
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