(a) soil management Soil is the basis for the growth of trees and is directly related to the growth and development of rubbing trees. The methods for soil improvement include deep hole expansion, farming, intercropping, loose soil and weeding.
1. Deep plowing and enlarging the hole will deep plowing the soil outside the planting hole of hazel 40CM, width 50CM, according to the specific circumstances can be carried out every other year. In deep soils with low organic matter content, or in green manure. In addition, soil and clay soils are mixed with soil according to soil conditions to enhance soil permeability and water permeability. When deep-enlarging the hole expansion, the ditch should be ditched from the canopy projection to minimize the root damage and backfill the soil in time to reduce the water loss in the bare root system. Deep plowing and acne expansion should be carried out after harvesting fruits in the autumn and after soil freezing.
2, loose soil and weeding (clear cultivation method) In the hazel season, the garden does not grow crops, often farming, eliminate weeds, keep the soil loose and weed free state. Usually 4-6 times a year, preferably after the rain or after the water is not sticky when the topsoil, foreign hazel or more use of several methods of greening. It is possible to maintain the stability of soil moisture and temperature in a few trays, and at the same time prevent overgrown weeds and increased organic matter. However, it is inconvenient to harvest hazel fruits. This method is suitable for adult hazelnuts.
3, grass method in the tree outside the disk, sowing grass, leguminous and other grass species. This method is suitable for use in hazelnuts with good soil moisture conditions. Choose fine grass species (such as clover, grass rakes, etc.), add fertilizer and water at critical times, and cut the grass to cover under the trees. In the absence of organic matter, deep soil, and water and soil loss, grass cultivation is a better method of soil management. Grass growing method can also improve the absorption of K and P by hazel tree. The long-term use of the grass-growing method can easily result in competition with hazel trees, but it can be reduced by adjusting the mowing cycle and increasing the amount of mineral fertilizers. For example, mowing the grass 2-3 times a year and increasing ammonium sulfate 5-10 kG per acre will reduce The above drawbacks. This method is suitable for adult hazel garden.
(B) Nutrition and Fertilization Fertilization is one of the important links in the comprehensive management of soil in hazel orchard. The hazel tree grows on the same land for many years from the time of colonization until the completion of its entire life cycle, and every year it needs to absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil, and the nutrients in the soil are consumed. In order to ensure the normal growth and seed setting of hazel tree, nutrient supplementation must be conducted in a timely manner, and sufficient nutrition is more conducive to the differentiation of flower buds of hazel trees and reduce the range of results of the next year, and increase the amount of sticks of the stick.
1, fertilization period (basal and forced fat) Fertilization period should be based on the hazel tree and the type of fertilizer and the type of fertilizer.
(1) In autumn, basal fertilization applies organic fertilizer from autumn fruit collection to soil freezing (from September to October), mainly manure, compost, green manure, and human urine. It is a long time supply of various tree species. Sub-basic fertilizer. At the same time adding the appropriate amount of N, P, x compound fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizers can increase soil porosity, loosen the soil, accelerate soil-fertility integration, improve soil water, fertilizer, and air-heat conditions, and are conducive to microbial activity.
(2) Topdressing Fertilizers that can make the tree strong, obtain high yield and high quality, and can also lay the foundation for the growth results in the next year are the indispensable fertilization links for the production of hazel trees. Hazel usually top dressing twice: the first time from late May to early June, when the ovary enlargement of fruit and new growth period: the second time is from early July to mid-July, from early June to mid-July It is the rapid development of nuts and the flower buds begin to differentiate. During this period, topdressing is extremely important for fruit growth, flower bud differentiation, and shoots enrichment. In addition, according to the needs of tree growth and development can also be sprayed fertilizer.
2, Fertilization methods include soil fertilization and top dressing.
(1) Soil fertilization Hazel roots are shallow, generally horizontally spreading, and are mostly distributed in the soil layer 5-40 cm deep below the surface. Therefore, the depth and breadth of fertilization should be adapted to this characteristic in order to obtain a good effect of fertilization.
1 ring groove fertilization method: generally used for base fertilizer. Divide the annular groove at the vertical projection of the perimeter of the canopy l. The width of the groove is 30-40cm. The ditch depth is generally different for different tree ages: ditch depth 30cm (5-year-old inner young tree) or 35-40cm (6-year-old or older tree), ditch The inner edge is within the canopy projection, but it should not be too close to the clump to avoid damaging the root. Then apply organic fertilizer. Mix well with soil and apply water after fertilization.
2 Radial furrow fertilization method: Take the hazel root neck as the center, radially outward from the inside to open the furrow, the method of furrowing is shallow (10-15cm) outside depth (20-30cm), narrow inside (10~15cm) Outside width (20-30cm), the fertilizer and soil are evenly mixed and backfilled in the ditch. This method is conducive to less root damage, and the fertilizer is widely and evenly distributed. Both basal fertiliser and top dressing can be used in this method.
Fertilization in 3 trenches: On the opposite sides of the outer edge of the canopy projection, 40 cm deep and 40 cm deep parallel trenches are to be formed. The length of the trenches varies with the age of the tree and the size of the crown; the position of the fertilizing and trenching should be changed in the second year. To the other side. This method is used for saplings and dense gardens, suitable for base fertilizer.
4 points Shi: digging 6-8 points in the outer edge of the crown, the number of points according to the size of the crown, depth and width of the 30-40cm, the distribution of the points to be uniform and this method can be applied to basal fat and fertilizer.
5 withdrawal fertilization method: often used for forced chemical fertilizers. One way is to expand and remove chemical fertilizers under the hazel shrubs, then loosen it with taro. Mix the fertilizer with topsoil. Another method is to open a shallow ditch around the shrubs, fertilize the manure, then cover the soil, fill the water, or top-dress before the rain. Fertilizer applied regardless of any method, should be different according to the type, the general application of N fertilizer depth of 10-15cm, the application of P, K fertilizer depth of 20-40cm, organic fertilizer and fertilizer mixed compound fertilizer, the depth should be 20 ~ 30cm.
(2) Top-dressing fertilizer is also called foliar spray fertilizer. This method is simple, with a small amount of fertilizer, play a role quickly, can meet the tree urgently needed, often in the tree growth period using this method to spray a large number of elements and trace elements. Such as: before flowering, flowering, young fruit and late fruit growth in the foliage spray 0.3% -0.5% urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate, such as a good effect of fertilizer. The optimum temperature for applying fertilizer outside the root is 18 degrees-25 degrees, and the humidity is more effective. In summer, it is better to be before 10 o'clock and after 16 o'clock. In order to avoid high temperatures, the fertilizer solution can easily be concentrated, affecting absorption or prone to injury.
3. Fertilizer type, dosage
(1) Types of fertilization 1 Base fertilizer: Apply organic fertilizer, including chicken manure, pig manure, sheep manure, and other manure and organic manure. The manure must be fully decomposed before it can be applied. In particular, chicken manure, except for adequate decomposing, should be mixed with chicken manure and soil in a ratio of 1:5. Otherwise, the roots of the seedlings will be easily burned. In addition, organic and inorganic compound fertilizers and biological fertilizers can be used for basal fertilizer application. 2 topdressing: N fertilizer containing a single element, such as urea, diamines and compound fertilizers containing N, P, K and compound fertilizers, can be used for top dressing of hazel. 3 external force fertilizer: Fertilizer mainly N, P, K compound fertilizer and compound fertilizer, can be used for top dressing of hazel. 4 top-dressing fertilizers: Fertilizers mainly include N, P, K, Ca and trace elements, and plant growth regulators.
(2) The amount of fertilization depends on the age of the trees, the size of the shrubs, the fertility of the soil, and the type of fertilizer. Infertile sand should be treated with organic fertilizer. Soil with deep soil and high humus content can be applied in appropriate amounts.
1. Generally, the amount of basal fertilizer is 2-3 years old, 7-10kg of manure per plant, 30-40kg per plant of 4-5 years old, 50-60kg of organic fertilizer per plant per 6-7 years, followed by age and yield. The increase can be appropriately applied. 2 Application of fertilizer: young hazel orchard (2-5 years old) needs pure N4kg, pure P8kg, and pure K8kg per mu, and the ratio of N, P and K is 0.5:1:1.
(3) Irrigation and drainage Tree hazel is a shallow-rooted tree species whose roots are mainly distributed in the topsoil within 5 to 40 cm. Intolerance of dry early irrigation is an important guarantee for promoting tree development and fruiting.
1. Seedlings newly planted during the irrigation period must be timely watered. The use of buckling to propagate the seedling planted hazel orchard often keeps the soil moist during the early growth stage. The irrigation in the garden can be combined with fertilization. Generally, it is irrigated twice in the early stage of growth. The first time it germinates, and the second time in late May, when the young fruit expands and the new shoot grows vigorously, it is also the spring drought season in the north. The second irrigation is the key to ensure the output of the year. Natural precipitation does not require irrigation after the end of June. After entering the rainy season in July, pay attention to drainage, and no water can accumulate in the tree tray. After defoliating and before the soil is frozen, the frozen water may be poured again.
2. Irrigation method and irrigation volume mainly use the method of irrigation in the tree tray, soaking the soil under the hazel tree. Ribbon-shaped planted hazelnuts were immersed in strips. Irrigation soaked soil depth of 40cm. After the irrigation, loosen soil promptly. Prevent soil compaction.
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