The low level of sow production in China, which is related to many problems in sow production in China, including feed nutrition, feeding and management, mating and childbirth, disease prevention and control, and environmental control, is an important bottleneck restricting the development of China's hog industry. At present, there are many comprehensive technical measures to improve sow fertility, but there are few nutritional solutions. Appropriate nutrition strategy can greatly increase the reproductive efficiency of sows and reduce production costs. Now from the nutritional point of view, the author talks about how to improve the fertility of sows in the stages of reserve, pregnancy and lactation.
First, gilts
The gilt nutrition is mainly used for the maintenance of the body and the growth and development needs. Appropriate nutrition technology can promote the normal development of the sow's body and reproductive system, ensure the balanced development of body maturation and sexual maturation, enable the sows to mate with the estrus on schedule, and prolong the reproductive years. Production and research have shown that sequester feeding is a more reasonable nutritional management strategy. In the early stage of breeding, the nutrition program is suitable for high nutritional levels. The sows that weigh less than 90 kilograms and 150 days or less are free to feed, and the growth rate should be maintained at 650-800 g/day. The energy and crude protein levels should meet the maximum growth rate for the pig. Calcium and phosphorus requirements should be increased by 10% on the basis of meeting the maximum growth rate required. To improve the gilts' estrus rate, ovulation rate, and body health, the level of vitamin E in the diet needs to be raised to 50 to 100 mg/kg before the puberty.
The nutritional strategy of the breeding period of pigs (90 kg to breeding) is to control the growth rate, limit energy intake, reduce the deposition of adipose tissue, ensure the continued deposition of muscle tissue, promote sexual maturation and ovarian development, increase the number of dominant follicles, and thus benefit Reproduction and extension of species life. At this stage, dedicated gilt full-rate fodder should be prepared and the feed restriction mode should be adopted. According to the variety, the nutrient level should reach the medium energy level and the crude protein level should be between 15% and 16%, and the feeding limit should be 2.0 to 2.9 kg. /day. Vitamins and minerals need the same trace elements as sows in the same production, while strengthening the intake of vitamin A, E and biotin, and appropriate supplements of green fiber feed. The gilt nutrient needs should be such that the mating status meets the recommended indicators in the second or third trimester: body weight between 130 and 140 kilograms, and backfat thickness between 18 and 20 millimeters. For lean gilts, dietary energy and protein levels should be eliminated or during the growth period. Sows should be given “short-term excellent feeding†to increase the number of ovulation of sows 1 to 2 weeks prior to sow mating. Before mating, increase feed intake by 50% to 100%, or allow them to feed freely to increase the energy level of the diet as much as possible. Studies have suggested that sows after appropriate breeding will reduce feed intake. High feed intake will increase the basal metabolism of sows and decrease the survival rate of embryos, thus affecting the number of litters. Therefore, young sows are fed daily for 1 week after mating. It is advisable to feed about 2 kg of feed.
Second, pregnant sows
The purpose of nutrition during pregnancy is to reduce embryo loss, adjust sow body condition, and improve the health of newborn piglets. In production, the ideal breeding target for pregnant sows is to deliver 12 healthy piglets, with a birth weight of not less than 1.35 kilograms, to ensure that the maternal backfat is 20 to 22 mm thick and enters the lactation phase with a good body condition. The energy level and source have a greater impact on the performance of the sow. It is recommended that the digestive energy level of the diet during pregnancy be 13.0 MJ/kg, with a crude protein content of 13%. Regarding dietary fiber, the appropriate level should be 6% to 8%. The study found that under the equal energy intake model, when wheat bran and defatted rice bran were added as the fiber source, the reproductive performance of sows could be significantly improved when the level of neutral detergent fibers in the second parity sows was 15.8%. The experimental study found that the addition of arginine can significantly increase the number of live pigs born in gilts, reduce the rate of stillbirths and larvae, and increase litter weight and placental weight. In addition, adding L-arginine, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, organic trace elements, and feed additives to pregnant diets can improve reproductive performance of sows and achieve ideal production performance and benefits.
Third, lactating sows
The nutritional strategy for lactating sows is to provide full price nutrition, increase sow feed intake, and ensure that sows have enough nutrients to produce enough milk. When formulating a lactating sow nutritional program, the integrated nutritional needs of the mother and the piglet should be fully considered. Not only the metabolism of the sow during the lactation and the milk production need to be taken into consideration, but also the growth factor of the piglets should be taken into account according to their physiological characteristics. In order to fully exploit the potential of lactating sows, praline can be added to the diet to increase the lactation performance of the sow. The best results were obtained when dietary proline:lysine = 1.2:1 in lactating sows. Studies have shown that the addition of 45 mg/kg soy isoflavones to sows' diets from the 85th day of pregnancy to the end of lactation significantly improves sow mammary gland development and body antioxidant capacity, and increases body weight gain and survival of suckling piglets. The study of functional additives found that the addition of 350 mg/kg of β-glucan to the diets from the 74th day of pregnancy to lactation can improve the body's immune function, while adding 2000 mg/kg to the lactation diet from 74 days of pregnancy. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid increases maternal immune function and milk immune factor levels. The addition of 1.5% citric acid to the sows' diets during late pregnancy and lactation significantly increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus in the lactation diet, and increased the content of immunoglobulins in the sow's whey. The addition of plant polysaccharides to the sows in the first 90 days of gestation in the gestation period significantly increased the intake of sows, the body's antioxidant capacity and immune function, improved milk quality, and increased weaning weight and litter weight.
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