Scientific and rational fertilization is to determine what fertilizer to use, frequency of use and amount of use based on the amount of nutrients absorbed by the economic output of the crop plant, the climatic conditions of the planting area, the soil conditions, and the characteristics of the fertilizer and growth period of the crop. Rational fertilization is an important measure to achieve high yield, stable production, low cost and environmental protection. It is necessary to apply phosphorus to the soil and to see the ground, according to the requirements of various crops, and to apply it rationally; master the key, suitable nitrogen application, deep application of fertilizer, fertilizer and efficiency; organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer.
Problems in fertilization in agricultural production
In the fertilization method, there are more top dressings, foliar sprays, less base fertilizers, and some chestnuts, hawthorns, pears and other fruit trees do not fertilize for many years. In the fertilization method, shallow fertilization and surface fertilization are common. Especially in crop topdressing such as corn, the application of fertilizers such as urea and ammonium bicarbonate is serious. It causes the fertilizer to volatilize and lose, and it is difficult to reach the root of the crop, which is not conducive to crop absorption, resulting in low fertilizer utilization.
Fertilizer nutrient ratio is unreasonable in fertilization varieties. Regardless of factors such as soil nutrient status, fertilizer supply capacity and crop fertilizer requirements, the fertilizer is applied according to customary conditions, either organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer is applied, or chemical fertilizer is applied, organic fertilizer is not applied; fertilizer is applied to nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Less potassium fertilizer, less trace element fertilizer.
In the 20th and 30th years of corn and other crops, the use of diammonium phosphate as the base fertilizer resulted in high soil phosphorus and insufficient nitrogen fertilizer, which caused the soil nutrient status to change, hindering the absorption of other nutrients by the crop and causing symptoms of deficiency.
During the fertilization period, affected by the labor force and habits, the fruit trees were “one shelled†in the spring, and the base was applied in less autumn, which caused the lack of moisture in the spring, and the competition between the fertilizer and the fruit trees affected the normal growth of the fruit trees and made it difficult to exert fertilizer efficiency. The fresh manure and urine of livestock are not directly decomposed and directly applied, which not only causes nutrient volatilization, burning seedlings, plant wilting, but also may spread diseases, insects and grasses.
Rational fertilization method
- Add organic fertilizer to improve soil buffer capacity;
- According to the provisions of the application of chemical fertilizers, according to soil nutrient levels and crops on the demand for nutrients, rational fertilization, do not arbitrarily increase the amount of fertilizer and fertilization varieties, topdressing should master the principle of light and diligent;
- Full-layer fertilization, when the same amount of chemical fertilizer is applied locally, it often causes burning seedlings, so it is changed to full-layer fertilization to avoid crop damage;
- The formula is balanced and fertilized to meet the different nutrient requirements of the crop at different times.
In addition, special attention must be paid to the fact that farmyard manure should be fully decomposed. Farmyard manure is an organic fertilizer, and most of its nutrient forms are delayed. Crops cannot be directly absorbed and utilized. If unfertilized farmyard manure is applied to the soil, it will easily cause slow fertilizer efficiency, poor fertilizer efficiency, and will also breed weeds and spread. Disease, insects, and grass damage.
In addition, it will compete with the seedlings for water, nutrients or local high temperature, and the ammonia concentration is too high to cause burning. In agricultural production, only the application of decomposed farmyard manure can avoid these problems and improve the soil properties.
The maturity of organic fertilizer is caused by microbial activities, which causes the organic fertilizer to change in two aspects. On the one hand, the decomposition of organic matter increases the effective nutrients in the fertilizer; on the other hand, the organic matter in the organic fertilizer is hardened and soft, and the texture is uneven. It is evenly distributed, and in the decomposing, the weed seeds and germs and eggs in the organic fertilizer are mostly killed, thereby more in line with the requirements of agricultural production.
Popularized soil testing and fertilization
Soil testing and formula fertilization is based on soil testing and fertilizer field experiment. According to crop fertilizer requirement, soil fertility performance and fertilizer effect, based on rational application of organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and medium and trace elements are proposed. The amount applied, the period of application, and the method of application. In layman's terms, it is the scientific application of formula fertilizer under the guidance of agricultural science and technology personnel.
The core of soil testing and formula fertilization technology is to regulate and solve the contradiction between crop fertilizer and soil fertilization. At the same time, it can specifically supplement the nutrients needed for crops. What is needed for crops, what is needed, how much to make up, to achieve a balanced supply of nutrients, to meet crop needs, to improve fertilizer utilization, increase crop yield, and improve the quality of agricultural products. Save labor, save money and increase income.
To scientifically and rationally fertilize, first understand crop deficiency
- The new nitrogen-deficient shoots are thin and short, the leaves are small and erect, the leaves are green and yellow, the petioles, veins and surface are red; the flowers are small, the fruit is precocious, it is easy to fall off, the roots are not well developed, the fine roots are many, the roots are small , the new roots are yellow.
- Phosphorus deficiency is characterized by slow growth of seedlings, poor root development, reduced tillering, purple base at the stem, dark green leaves, slightly purple, and insufficient grain.
- In the initial stage of potassium deficiency, the tip of the lower blade turns yellow, and gradually becomes yellow along the edge of the leaf, but the veins on both sides and the midrib of the vein remain green. In severe cases, it will gradually develop upward from the lower leaves, and finally the large leaves will be yellow and the edges of the leaves will be burnt.
The nutrients needed for crops are composed of soil supply and fertilization. The total amount of nutrients needed for crop growth, minus the part that the soil can provide, is the amount of nutrients that need to be supplemented by fertilization. The so-called scientific and rational fertilization is to do "what is missing, not to waste," and must rely on scientific means to understand the situation of crops, soil and fertilizers, as in the past, "seeing the sky, seeing the land, and seeing the crops." ".
Formulated fertilization must follow the combination of organic and inorganic, large, medium and trace elements, the combination of land and land, the principle of balance between input and output, and adopt scientific and rational fertilization measures.
- Deep application of soil, such as nitrogen fertilizer, can effectively prevent nutrient loss and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. According to the test, the utilization rate of underground deep application of ammonium bicarbonate is 50%, while the utilization rate of ground surface application is only about 28%; the utilization rate of deep underground application of urea is between 35% and 50%, and the surface is applied. The utilization rate is much lower.
- Changing the blind fertilization for seeing the sky, seeing the ground, and seeing the fertilization of the object "seeing the sky" is to see whether the climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and light have any effect on the fertilizer efficiency. When the temperature is high, it is advisable to apply urea. When the temperature is low, ammonium bicarbonate should be applied. "Looking at the ground" is to fertilize the soil. For example, the clay soil has strong fertility, and the nitrogen can be used at a large amount; the sand loam has poor fertilizer-preserving ability, and the topdressing should be carried out on the principle of “eat less mealsâ€. “Thinking things†is based on the demand for nutrients of different crops, finding out the factors that affect the yield in the soil and the peak demand for fertilizers of various crops, and formulating fertilization in combination with fertilizer characteristics.
- Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were added to the fertilizers according to factors such as the fertilization performance of different soils, the fertilizer requirement of crops and the utilization rate of fertilizers. The nitrogen and phosphorus elements required for crops are most closely related and mutually reinforcing. According to the survey, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer alone is only 35.3%, and the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus application can be increased to 51.7%.
- The organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer combined with the application of organic fertilizer have complete nutrient and long-lasting fertilizer; the fertilizer has a single nutrient, but the content is high, and the effect is quick. The combination of the two can complement each other and improve fertilizer efficiency. According to the test, the poultry circle fertilizer is combined with ammonium bicarbonate, superphosphate and potassium sulfate, which increases the yield by more than 10% compared with the single fertilizer.
- Centralized application, such as phosphate fertilizer, has poor mobility in the soil, and is easily fixed by iron, aluminum and calcium in the soil, so it is lost in fertilizer application. Therefore, it should be applied to the soil layer of root growth by applying acupoints and strips, so that phosphorus is fixed around the seeds and roots, which is beneficial to According to the absorption of the system, the fertilizer utilization rate is improved.
Fertilizer science common sense
(1) The nutrient content of common fertilizer varieties
- Nitrogen fertilizer: ammonium bicarbonate (N) 17%, urea (N) 46%, ammonium sulfate (N) 21%;
- Phosphate fertilizer: 12-18% of superphosphate (P2O5) and 12-18% of calcium magnesium phosphate (P2O5);
- Potassium fertilizer: potassium chloride (K2O) 60%, potassium sulfate (K2O) 50%.
(2) Correct use of farmyard manure
- Composting: Weeds and garbage are used as raw materials, which can be used according to local conditions. It is best to combine spring and autumn tillage to make base fertilizer.
- Green manure: It is best to make the base fertilizer or top dressing of legume crops, and use the nitrogen fixation of rhizobium to improve soil fertility.
- Pig manure: organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more abundant. The decomposed pig manure can be applied to various soils, especially suitable for well-drained hot soil.
- Human excrement: It can be used directly after fermenting and fermenting, or it can be mixed with soil to make large manure for top dressing.
- Poultry manure: high nutrient content, can be used as seed fertilizer and top dressing, most suitable for vegetables.
(3) Fertilizers that should not be mixed
- Urea should not be mixed with grass ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potassium fertilizer.
- Ammonium bicarbonate should not be mixed with plant ash, human excrement, potassium chloride, phosphate rock, calcium magnesium phosphate, ammonium chloride and urea.
- Superphosphate should not be mixed with plant ash, calcium magnesium phosphate and kiln ash potassium.
- Potassium dihydrogen phosphate should not be mixed with grass ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potassium fertilizer.
- Ammonium sulfate should not be mixed with ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium water, grass ash and kiln ash potassium fertilizer.
- Ammonium chloride should not be mixed with grass ash, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and kiln ash potassium fertilizer.
- Ammonium nitrate should not be mixed with plant ash, ammonium water, kiln ash potassium fertilizer, fresh glutinous fertilizer and compost.
How to calculate the amount of fertilizer applied by formula fertilization
1. Assume that the recommended amount of fertilizer for the plot is N20 kg/mu, P2O58 kg/mu, K2O13.4 kg/mu. Single fertilization, the calculation method is: recommended fertilization amount ÷ chemical fertilizer effective content = the amount of fertilization. The following results can be obtained: the application of urea (the nitrogen content of which is 46%) is 20÷46%=43.5 (jin); the application of super-calcium (the content of phosphorus pentoxide is 12%) is 8÷12%=66.7 (jin) ); potassium chloride (with a potassium oxide content of 60%) was applied as 13.4 ÷ 60% = 22.3 (jin).
2. If compound fertilizer is applied, the fertilizer with the least amount of compound fertilizer should be calculated first, and then the other two fertilizers should be added. As indicated above, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents on the compound fertilizer bag are 12:4:9, then the compound fertilizer should be applied to the plot: 13.4÷9%=148.9(jin). In this way, the potassium in the soil has already met the needs of the crop.
Therefore, it is necessary to add two other unit fertilizers to supplement, and the formula is: (recommended fertilization amount - applied fertilizer amount) 有效 the effective content of fertilizer to be applied = the amount of fertilizer applied. The plot has been applied with 148.9 kg of NPK content of 12%, 4%, 9% of compound fertilizer, which is equivalent to 17.9 kg of pure nitrogen, 6 kg of pure phosphorus and 13.4 kg of pure potassium.
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